An increase in peroxidation activity is considered as a nonspecific process characteristic of the pathogenesis of various diseases accompanied by antioxidant deficiency. As bioregulators that can increase defense, antioxidants are important links in a multi-stage system of regulation and coordination of various body functions. The structure and function of enzymes involved in the regulation of oxidative stress can be significantly affected by genetic polymorphism. To date, the role of genes encoding the activity of enzymes of the antioxidant system in the pathogenesis of many diseases remains unexplored, which is of great interest to researchers from various fields. The article presents a review and analysis of data from modern scientific literature on the role of antioxidant defense components in the regulation of metabolic processes, their genetic determinant, and summarizes data on modern methods for the determination of some antioxidants. When writing the review, the database of the scientific electronic library eLibrary was used, the keywords are oxidative stress, free radical oxidation, antioxidant protection, antioxidants, antioxidant enzymes, enzyme genes, antioxidant response element, research methods; filters – publication years 2012–2022, publications with full text, publications available for viewing; English-language database of medical and biological publications, created by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), keywords – lipid peroxidation, antioxidant protection, antioxidants, antioxidant enzymes, enzyme genes, oxidative stress, metabolism, methods.

Helicobacter pylori is considered to be one of the significant reasons of formation of gastroduodenal pathology. Data on the role of H. pylori in the development of extragastric diseases are confirmed by a positive effect of eradication on peripheral blood changes. In spite of this fact both aspects are still not revealed. However, undoubtedly that H. pylori persistence on gastric epithelium creates conditions for chronic local and systematic inflammation. The aim of the sur- vey was the analysis of literary data about bacterial factors in the development of iron-, vitamin B12-deficiency anaemia and thrombocytopenic purpura included by the international consensus into the circle of evedences for diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori. Material and methods. There was accomplished search of literature sources with the help of data bases PubMed, CyberLeninka, eLibrary, Google Scholar. The results of our analysis specify mechanisms of cer- tain blood diseases pathogenesis in association with H. pylori. Multiple roles of virulent strains of pathogen in anaemia and thrombocytopenic purpura include: development of erosive and ulcerative lesions of mucosa, hypoacidity, chron- ic inflammation and autoimmune response. Data about these changes in haematological syndromes and independent eradication effects on blood parameters normalisation, are controversial. Н. pylori host iron competition theory has not been found convincing confirmation. Conclusions. It is necessary to study more deeply the connection of H. pylori and haematological diseases. The dietary research and application to maintain the mucous integrity and bacterial adhesion prevention are perspective.

Vermiform appendix is the only organ in the body that has no constant anatomical position. It is so named because of its worm like appearance. Most common surgical cause of abdominal pain is appendicitis; its diagnosis is affected by anatomical variations of the vermiform appendix, because this is the most variable abdominal organ in terms of position and organ relations. Aim of the study was to examine anatomical features and different positions of the vermiform appendix in human cadavers. Material and methods. This study was carried on 45 human cadavers irrespective of sex and age from the Department of Anatomy at Andhra Pradesh over a period of 12 months. Results. Mean length of appendix was found to be 3.98 ± 1.27 cm. Mean outer girth was 2.17 ± 0.26 cm. Mean distance of vermiform appendix from ileocaecal junction was found to be 2.11 ± 0.43 cm. Commonest position was retrocaecal (44 %), followed by pelvic (21 %), postileal (9 %), subcaecal (13 %) and midinguinal (10 %). Conclusions. Variations in position of vermiform appendix will help the surgeons to make a diagnosis of appendicitis and aware about appendiceal rupture.

Aim of the study was to assess the degree of myocardial ischemia in rats on chronic in vivo model, with a simultaneous assessment of justification for the use of trimetazidine. Material and methods. The object of the study was 120 male inbred Wistar rats, randomly divided into 4 equal groups: group 1 – control (administration of 0.9% sodium chloride solution 3 times a week); group 2 – simulation of the AC chemotherapy regimen by intraperitoneal administration of doxorubicin hydrochloride at a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg and cyclophosphamide monohydrate at a single dose of 25 mg/kg 3 times a week; group 3 – simulation of the AC chemotherapy regimen with additional administration of trimetazidine dihydrochloride daily by intragastric gavage at a single dose of 3.0 mg/kg; group 4 – administration of trimetazidine dihydrochloride. The study has been carried out for two weeks. An Olympus IX51 microscope was used to assess the changes. Staining was carried out by the HBFP method (hematoxylin + basic fuchsin + picronic acid). Results and discussion. In group 2, on the background of AC chemotherapy, the level of fuchsinophilia in myocardial tissue was 87.2 and 90.9 % higher (p < 0.05) than in groups 1 and 4, respectively, the specific area of damage was 170.8 and 167. 5 %, respectively (p < 0.05). In group 3, the severity of fuchsinophilia and the specific area of myocardial damage were statistically significantly less (by 26.3 and 36.5 %, p < 0.05) than in group 2. Conclusions. Trimetazidine is a pathogenetically effective drug that protects the myocardium from damage associated with AC chemotherapy.

Detection of elastic and collagen fibers in the same histological section to determine their relationships and quantification is important for connective tissue investigations. The aim of the study was to assess the possibility of differentiated staining of elastic and collagen fibers with resorcin-fuchsin and fast green FCF in the same histological section and compare the result of this method with the results of the classical methods of staining connective tissue, performed according to standard protocols. Material and methods. We studied adult human hearts, obtained from patients who died from non-cardiac causes. We cut tissue sections from the anterior interventricular artery and the underlying myocardium. After formalin fixation, standard processing and embedding in paraffin of the material, histological sections were made. Histological sections were deparaffinized and immersed resorcin-fuchsin for 15 minutes, then stained with Weigert’s iron hematoxylin for 2 minutes, then for 2 minutes were applied to the preparation surface 0.1% solution of fast green FCF mixed with a saturated solution of picric acid immediately before staining in a ratio of 1:10, the histological sections were dehydrated, cleared and mounted in permanent mounting medium. Results. Elastic fibers were dyed in dark blue, and collagen fibers in different shades of green, which made it possible to differentiate them on the basis of color differences in one histological section. Conclusion. We have developed and tested the method of staining, which provides the possibility of simultaneous detection of elastic and collagen fibers with successive staining with solutions of resorcin-fuchsin and fast green FCF on one histological section.

An experimental study is devoted to the investigation of the effect of extract Astragalus physodes on the behavioral reactions of laboratory animals in conditions of «social» stress. Material and methods. The work was carried out toward white outbred male rats of 6–8 months of age. All animals were divided into groups (n = 10): 1 – intact rats, which were singly in the cell (control group); 2 – animals exposed to «social» stress (victims/aggressors); 3 – individuals exposed to «social» stress and received extract Astragalus physodes by intragastric gavage at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day for 14 days, starting from the 21 days of the experiment (victims/aggressors). «Social» stress was modeled by the formation of aggressive (aggressors) and submissive (victim) types of behavior in conditions of paired sensory contact. In studying the behavioral reactions of rats, psychopharmacological tests were used in the standard modification: «Elevated plus maze» and «Tail hanging». Results and discussion. In conditions of «social» stress, in the tests «Elevated plus maze» and «Tail hanging» among aggressors and victims, there is an increase in the level of anxiety and depression, which is manifested in a decrease in the number of rearing, the time spent on the open arms of the labyrinth. The results of the study indicate the ability of the herb extract Astragalus physodes under conditions of «social» stress to level the state of anxiety, which is manifested in an increase in the motor and approximate research activity of laboratory animals. Conclusions. Thus, the herb extract Astragalus physodes eliminates the increased anxiety generated under the influence of stressogenic effects, thereby exhibiting psychomodulatory properties, which actualizes further in-depth pharmacological studies of this extract with the aim of possibly creating medicinal preparations based on it.

Studies on experimental animals allow us to approach the understanding of the mechanisms of changes in the electrical activity of the heart during morphofunctional rearrangements that occur as a result of the development of arterial hypertension (AH). Aim of the study was to investigate body surface potential mapping in young ISIAH rats with genetically determined stress-induced AH during ventricular depolarization. Material and methods. The study was carried out on 3-month-old ISIAH males (n = 10) weighing 250–300 g. Body surface potential mapping was performed using 64 electrodes evenly distributed around the chest of the animal. Results. Significantly higher systolic blood pressure was shown in ISIAH rats compared to Wistar rats (203 ± 14 and 125 ± 5 mm Hg, respectively), as well as heart relative mass, thickness of the left ventricle, right ventricle, and interventricular septum were significantly higher compared to Wistar. During the period of ventricular depolarization, a shift of the zone of negative cardiopotentials to the left-lateral region of the chest is shown in the period corresponding to the time the positive extremum reaches its maximum value in ISIAH rats compared to Wistar. An earlier time of formation, a significantly longer time to achieve the first and second inversion of cardiopotentials, a later time for the positive and negative extrema to reach their maximum values, a greater amplitude of the absolute value of the negative extremum, and a significantly longer total ventricular duration in ISIAH rats compared to Wistar rats were shown. Conclusions. The study give perspective to the use of body surface potential mapping for diagnosing the initial stages of the formation of myocardial hypertrophy in AH.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the hepatotoxic properties of new pyrimidine derivatives 3-[2-(1-naphthyl)-2- oxoethyl]-6-bromoquinazoline-4(3H)-oh (VMA–13–06), 3-(2-tert-butyl-2-oxoethyl)quinazoline-4(3H)-one (VMA-13- 11) and 3-(2-isopropyloxy-2-oxoethyl)quinazoline-4(3H)-oh (VMA-13-12). Material and methods. The study was carried out on male rats, which were divided into four groups: control receiving an intragastrically distilled water and experimental groups of animals receiving intragastrically suspended in distilled water pyrimidine compounds VMA- 13-06, VMA-13-11 and VMA-13-12 at doses of 1/10 of the molecular weight (39, 24 and 24 mg/kg respectively) for 60 days. In order to assess possible toxic damage to the liver, blood biochemical parameters were evaluated: alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase activity, total protein, albumin, total and free bilirubin content. Results. There were no statistically significant changes in total protein, albumin, total and free bilirubin after administration of VMA–13–06 and VMA–13–11 in comparison with the control group. The VMA–13–12 compound contributed to an increase in total and free bilirubin content by 43 % (p < 0.01) and 90 % (p < 0.01), while the increase in the concentration of total protein and albumin did not have any statistical significance. The analysis of enzyme parameters also indicates the absence of hepatocyte damage with the introduction of VMA- 13-06 and VMA-13-11: alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase activity did not change. VMA–13–12 administration led to an increase in enzyme activity in comparison with the control: alanine aminotransferase – by 59 % (p < 0.01), aspartate aminotransferase – by 28 % (p < 0.05), gamma- glutamyltransferase – by 46 % (p < 0.01), alkaline phosphatase – by 31 % (p < 0.05). Conclusions. We established the absence of hepatotoxic properties of pyrimidine derivatives 3-[2-(1-naphthyl)-2-oxoethyl]-6-bromoquinazoline-4(3H)- oh and 3-(2-tert-butyl-2-oxoethyl)quinazoline-4(3H)-oh. Compound 3-(2-isopropyloxy-2-oxoethyl)quinazoline-4(3H)- oh has a hepatotoxic effect, accompanied by a decrease in protein-synthesizing and detoxifying liver function.

Since aging is characterized by morphofunctional changes in humans, longevity leads to an increase in age-associated features of their bodies. Aim of the study was to carry out a comparative analysis of the cerebral corpus callosum and brainstem area in the human adolescent and old age and determine the presence of their correlation. Material and methods. The work is based on magnetic resonance imaging study of 88 patients examined in the Department of Radiation Diagnostics. The patients were divided into two groups: the first group consisted of 44 adolescents (aged 17–21) and the second group consisted of 44 seniors (aged 75–88). The areas of the corpus callosum and brain stem were calculated in the sagittal projection along the midline. Results and discussion. Analysis of the study results indicates that there is a tendency to the prevalence of cerebral corpus callosum and brain stem area in men compared to the indices established in women (p > 0.05). A tendency to prevalence of the area of the corpus callosum in adolescents in comparison to representatives of senile age has been established, which was more pronounced in men (by 3.37 %, p > 0.05) than in women (by 0.75 %, p > 0.05). Brain stem area is less in old age than in adolescence: in men by 3.29 % (p < 0.01), in women by 3.52 % (p < 0.01). The direct high correlation between the cerebellar body area and brain stem area has been established. Conclusions. The obtained results of the in vivo comparative analysis of corpus callosum and brain stem area of the human brain in adolescence and old age add scientific knowledge about age-related anatomical features of the central nervous system departments in postnatal ontogenesis of humans.

There are few publications in scientific literature devoted to the assessment of the rectal closure apparatus at the stages of surgical rehabilitation of ostomy patients. Aim of the study was to investigate the factors influencing the change in the functional activity of the rectal closure apparatus in patients with intestinal stomas. Material and methods. A single- center retrospective and prospective analysis of the results of changes in the function of the rectum closure system in 83 patients before and after reconstructive operation was performed. For the period from 2016 to 2018, 42 (50.6 %) men and 41 (49.4 %) women were examined, the average age in the group was 51.8 ± 12.6 years. Results and discussion. In all ostomy patients, anal sphincter incontinence was revealed. In this case, the relationship between the degree of impaired functional activity of the closure system of rectum, the duration of stoma wearing, and the age of the patient was determined. Conclusions. An analysis of the results allows us to evaluate the dynamics of the restoration of the function of the rectum closure apparatus and determine the optimal time for performing the restorative intervention from the standpoint of prophylaxis of dysfunction of the rectum closure system.

Literature data on the correlation between femoral torsion during clinical examination and during walking are different. Aim of the study was to compare kinetics and kinematics in cerebral palsy patients with iatrogenic crouch gait pattern with and without clinically diagnosed internal femoral torsion. Material and methods. Comparative analysis of clinical examination and three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA) was performed in 61 subjects (122 limbs), GMFCS II with iatrogenic crouch gait pattern. The average age was 14.5 ± 2.5 years. This sample was formed in 2018–2021. Kinetic and kinematic data were recorded by Qualisys 7+ optical cameras (8 cameras) with passive marker video capture technology, synchronized with six KISTLER dyno platforms (Switzerland). The analysis was performed in the QTM (Qualisys) and Visual3D (C-Motion) programs with automated calculation of values. Based on the clinical data, all the patients were divided as follows: I – no clinically detected internal femoral torsion – 50 limbs, II – clinically detected internal femoral torsion – 68 limbs. Results. Comparison of the values of kinematics and kinetics in groups of patients according to the criterion of clinically detected/not detected had statistically significant differences in kinematics – the maximum and minimum values of femur and tibia torsion relative to the norm. Differential diagnosis of compensated/decompensated internal femoral torsion was represented by multidirectional values of the angle of foot positioning relative to the motion vector. The kinetic parameters in the groups were statistically doubtful, because they depended on the walking speed of patients, their ability to move. Conclusions. The values of maximum femoral torsion angle up to 22° were not clinically interpreted as internal femoral torsion, those from 22° to 28° can be interpreted both with clinically revealed femoral torsion (68 %) and with the absence of femoral torsion (22 %), which corresponds to the risk group, those more than 28° fell into the group of clinically diagnosed internal femoral torsion.

The results of previous studies suggest the involvement of herpes viruses in the development of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, but there is no convincing evidence. Aim of the study was to evaluate the role of active herpesvirus infection in exacerbation of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Material and methods. The analysis of the incidence of infectious mononucleosis, genital herpes, cytomegalovirus infection, skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis in Russia in 2000–2020 was carried out. 92 blood donors and 97 patients with skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases (44 with atopic dermatitis and 53 with psoriasis) were examined for the presence of immunoglobulins M and G to herpes simplex viruses (HSV1,2), Epstein-Barr (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpes type 6 (HНV6). Results and discussion. A significant strong direct correlation was revealed between the incidence of genital herpes and diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (p = 0.85), atopic dermatitis (p = 0.85); infectious mononucleosis and psoriasis (p = 0.85). The frequency of detection of IgM to HSV1,2, in total, IgG EA and IgM VCA EBV in the group of patients is significantly higher than in donors (p < 0.05). In patients with atopic dermatitis, IgM to HSV1 were detected significantly more often than in individuals with psoriasis, and markers of active EBV infection were significantly less common. The presence of IgM HSV-1 statistically significantly increases the incidence of atopic dermatitis (relative risk (RR) = 2.3, 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) 1.6–3.3)), IgM VCA and IgG EA EBV – the incidence of psoriasis (RR = 2.3, 95 % CI 1.5–3.3). Conclusions. It has been shown for the first time that active HSV1,2 infection is a trigger factor for the development of atopic dermatitis, EBV infection is psoriasis.