История изучения нервного гребня (обзор)

Нервный гребень давно привлекает внимание биологов, занимающихся вопросами эволюционного развития, а в последнее время – и клинических специалистов, поскольку исследования последних десятилетий значительно расширили границы познания об участии нервного гребня и его клеток в развитии патологии человека. Нервный гребень и клетки нервного гребня – это уникальная эволюционно-обоснованная эмбриональная структура. Его открытие полностью изменило видение процесса эмбриогенеза. Знания о развитии нервного гребня проливают свет на многие из самых «устоявшихся» вопросов биологии развития и эволюции. В статье отражены исторические этапы открытия и изучения нервного гребня и влияние этого открытия на укоренившиеся представления о специфичности зародышевых листков и теорию зародышевых слоев – рассуждения о нервном гребне как четвертом зародышевом листке. Целью настоящего обзора является описание истории открытия и изучения нервного гребня и его клеток на основе анализа литературных данных. При написании статьи выполнен анализ научных литературных источников по поисковым словосочетаниям «нервный гребень», «клетки нервного гребня», «морфология клеток нервного гребня», «зародышевые листки», «эмбриональное развитие» в базах данных PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, eLibrary. Глубина аналитического поиска соответствует периоду открытия нервного гребня и первому упоминанию его как эмбриональной морфологической структуры в научной литературе. Представленная информация подтверждает высокий интерес ученых-исследователей и клинических специалистов в изучении нервного гребня и его клеток. Особое внимание в последние десятилетия уделяется участию клеток нервного гребня в формировании соматических патологий и патологий костно-мышечной системы. Источники литературы представлены 169 полнотекстовыми рукописями и монографиями в основном на английском языке. Заключение. Нервный гребень и его клетки являются уникальными эволюционными структурами. Закономерности образования, причины, обусловливающие процесс миграции, дифференцировки, взаимодействия клеток нервного гребня с другими структурами в эмбриогенезе, а также их потенциал, который реализуется в постнатальном периоде, продолжает быть предметом исследования и в настоящее время.

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