The reasons for revision surgery after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: a systematic review
https://doi.org/10.18699/SSMJ20210301
Abstract
Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a fairly successful surgical intervention that can achieve satisfactory results in 75-97 % of cases. In order to show the main categories of factors that can affect the functional outcomes of patients after ACL reconstruction and lead to unsatisfactory outcomes after surgery based on the literature data, we have run a search for English- and Russian-language publications in the electronic databases PubMed and RSCI for the period from 2000 to 2019 using the keywords: anterior cruciate ligament, ACL, revision, re-reconstruction, re-injury, re-rupture, graft failure. Out of 634 papers, 113 publications with the full text were selected. Inclusion criteria - more than 50 cases in the report; follow - up period of more than 2 years; the same groups of patients; assessment of knee joint function; application of various imaging options for the knee joint. 26 papers were included in this review. Based on the analysis of the multiple causes of failed ACL reconstruction outcomes were merged into four main groups: technical mistakes diagnosis and surgery (from 22 % to 79 %); re-injury (18 % to 79 %); biological factors (violation of the integration of the graft and its ligamental) (17 %); errors of rehabilitation and other (15 %). Thus, the review made it possible to systematize the causes of unsuccessful outcomes of ACL reconstruction and identify the most frequent.
About the Authors
A. S. Saprykin
Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopaedics of Minzdrav of Russia
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Aleksandr S. Saprykin
195427, Saint-Petersburg, AkademikBaykov str., 8
M. A. Gvozdev
Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopaedics of Minzdrav of Russia
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Maksim A. Gvozdev
195427, Saint-Petersburg, AkademikBaykov str., 8
M. V. Ryabinin
Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopaedics of Minzdrav of Russia
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Mikhail V. Ryabinin - candidate of medical sciences.
195427, Saint-Petersburg, AkademikBaykov str., 8
N. N. Kornilov
Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopaedics of Minzdrav of Russia
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Nikolay N. Kornilov - doctor of medical sciences, professor.
195427, Saint-Petersburg, AkademikBaykov str., 8
References
1. Sanders T.L., Maradit Kremers H., Bryan A.J., Larson D.R., Dahm D.L., Levy B.A., Stuart M.J., Krych A.J. Incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears and reconstruction: a 21-year population-based study. Am. J. Sports Med. 2016; 44 (6): 1502-1507. doi: 10.1177/0363546516629944
2. Mall N.A., Chalmers P.N., Moric M., Tanaka M.J., Cole B.J., Bach B.R. Jr, Paletta G.A. Jr. Incidence and trends of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the United States. Am. J. Sports Med. 2014; 42 (10): 2363-2370. doi: 10.1177/0363546514542796
3. Zbrojkiewicz D., Vertullo C., Grayson J.E. Increasing rates of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in young Australians, 2000-2015. Med. J. Aust. 2018; 208 (8): 354-358. doi: 10.5694/mja17.00974
4. Kaeding C.C., Leger-St-Jean B., Magnussen R.A. Epidemiology and diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Clin. Sports Med. 2017; 36 (1): 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2016.08.001
5. Dale K.M., Bailey J.R., Moorman C.T. 3rd. Surgical management and treatment of the anterior cruciate ligament/medial collateral ligament injured knee. Clin. Sports Med. 2017; 36 (1): 87-103. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2016.08.005
6. Ахпашев А.А., Загородний Н.В., Канаев А.С., Кауркин С.Н., Скворцов Д.В. Функция коленного сустава во время ходьбы у больных с разрывом передней крестообразной связки коленного сустава до и после оперативного лечения. Травматол. и ортопедия России. 2016; (2): 15-24. doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2016-0-2-15-24
7. Kraeutler M.J., Welton K.L., McCarty E.C., Bravman J.T. Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 2017; 99 (19): 1689-1696. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.17.00412
8. Horvath A., Senorski E.H., Westin O., Karls-son J., Samuelsson K., Svantesson E. Outcome after anterior cruciate ligament revision. Curr. Rev. Muscu-loskelet. Med. 2019; 12 (3): 397-405. doi: 10.1007/s12178-019-09571-5
9. Mouarbes D., Menetrey J., Marot V, Courtot L., Berard E., Cavaignac E. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes for quadriceps tendon autograft versus bone-patellar tendon-bone and hamstring-tendon autografts. Am. J. Sports Med. 2019; 47 (14): 3531-3540. doi: 10.1177/0363546518825340
10. Nagaraj R., Kumar M.N. Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the nonathlete population. Indian J. Orthop. 2019; 53 (1): 154-159. doi: 10.4103/ortho.IJOrtho_673_17
11. Lowe W.R., Warth R.J., Davis E.P., Bailey L. Functional bracing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review. J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. 2017; 25 (3): 239-249. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-15-00710
12. Grassi A., Kim C., Marcheggiani Muc-cioli G.M., Zaffagnini S., Amendola A. What is the mid-term failure rate of revision ACL reconstruction? A systematic review. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2017; 475 (10): 2484-2499. doi: 10.1007/s11999-017-5379-5
13. Paterno M.V., Rauh M.J., Schmitt L.C., Ford K.R., Hewett T.E. Incidence of second ACL injuries 2 years after primary ACL reconstruction and return to sport. Am. J. Sports Med. 2014; 42 (7): 1567-1573. doi: 10.1177/0363546514530088
14. Kondo E., Yasuda K., Kitamura N., Onodera J., Yokota M., Yagi T., Iwasaki N. Effects of initial graft tension on clinical outcome after anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: comparison of two graft tension protocols. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2016; 17: 65. doi: 10.1186/s12891-016-0909-y
15. Trojani C., Sbihi A., Djian P., Potel J.F., Hulet C., Jouve F., Bussiere C., Ehkirch F.P., Burdin G., Dubrana F., Beaufils P., Franceschi J.P., Chassaing V, Colombet P., Neyret P. Causes for failure of ACL reconstruction and influence of meniscectomies after revision. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 2011; 19 (2): 196-201. doi: 10.1007/s00167-010-1201-6
16. MARS Group. Predictors of clinical outcome following revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J. Orthop. Res. 2020; 38 (6): 1191-1203. doi: 10.1002/jor.24562
17. Dhawan A., Gallo R.A., Lynch S.A. Anatomic tunnel placement in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. 2016; 24 (7): 443454. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-14-00465
18. LaBella C.R., Hennrikus W., Hewett T.E. Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness, and Section on Orthopaedics. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Pediatrics. 2014; 133 (5): 1437-1450. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-0623
19. Galdi B., Reyes A., Brabston E.W., Levine W.N. Autologous hamstring anterior cruciate ligament graft failure using the anteromedial portal technique with suspensory femoral fixation: a case series of 7 patients. Orthop. J. Sports Med. 2015; 3 (1): 2325967114566599. doi: 10.1177/2325967114566599
20. Murawski C.D., Wolf M.R., Araki D., Muller B., Tashman S., Fu F.H. Anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: current concepts and future perspective. Cartilage. 2013; 4 (3 Suppl): 27-37. doi: 10.1177/1947603513486557
21. Schreiber V.M., van Eck C.F., Fu F.H. Anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction. Sports Med. Arthrosc. Rev. 2010; 18 (1): 27-32. doi: 10.1097/JSA.0b013e3181bf6634
22. Aga C., Kartus J.T., Lind M., Lygre S.H.L., Granan L.P., Engebretsen L. Risk of revision was not reduced by a double-bundle ACL reconstruction technique: results from the Scandinavian Registers. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2017; 475 (10): 2503-2512. doi: 10.1007/s11999-017-5409-3
23. Bjornsson H., Andernord D., Desai N., Norr-by O., Forssblad M., Petzold M., Karlsson J., Samu-elsson K. No difference in revision rates between single- and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a comparative study of 16,791 patients from the Swedish national knee ligament register. Arthroscopy. 2015; 31 (4): 659-664. doi: 10.1016/j.ar-thro.2014.11.030
24. Kato Y., Maeyama A., Lertwanich P., Wang J.H., Ingham S.J., Kramer S., Martins C.Q., Smolinski P., Fu F.H. Biomechanical comparison of different graft positions for single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 2013; 21 (4): 816-823. doi: 10.1007/s00167-012-1951-4
25. Araujo P.H., Asai S., Pinto M., Protta T., Middleton K., Linde-Rosen M., Irrgang J., Smolinski P., Fu F.H. ACL graft position affects in situ graft force following ACL reconstruction. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 2015; 97 (21): 1767-1773. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.N.00539
26. Tejwani S.G., Prentice H.A., Wyatt R.W.B. Jr, Maletis G.B. Femoral tunnel drilling method: risk of reoperation and revision after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am. J. Sports Med. 2018; 46 (14): 3378-3384. doi: 10.1177/0363546518805086
27. Xu Y., Liu J., Kramer S., Martins C., Kato Y., Linde-Rosen M., Smolinski P., Fu F.H. Comparison of in situ forces and knee kinematics in anteromedial and high anteromedial bundle augmentation for partially ruptured anterior cruciate ligament. Am. J. Sports Med. 2011; 39 (2): 272-278. doi: 10.1177/0363546510383479
28. Desai N., Andernord D., Sundemo D., Alen-torn-Geli E., Musahl V, Fu F., Forssblad M., Samuels-son K. Revision surgery in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a cohort study of 17,682 patients from the Swedish National Knee Ligament Register. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 2017; 25 (5): 15421554. doi: 10.1007/s00167-016-4399-0
29. Svantesson E., Sundemo D., Hamrin Senor-ski E., Alentorn-Geli E., Musahl V., Fu F.H., Desai N., Stalman A., Samuelsson K. Double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is superior to single-bundle reconstruction in terms of revision frequency: a study of 22,460 patients from the Swedish National Knee Ligament Register. Knee Surg. Sports Trauma-tol. Arthrosc. 2017; 25 (12): 3884-3891. doi: 10.1007/s00167-016-4387-4
30. Mermerkaya M.U., Atay O.A., Kaymaz B., Bekmez S., Karaaslan F., Doral M.N. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a hamstring graft: a retrospective comparison of tunnel widening upon use of two different femoral fixation methods. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 2015; 23 (8): 2283-2291. doi: 10.1007/s00167-014-3034-1
31. Eysturoy N.H., Nissen K.A., Nielsen T., Lind M. The influence of graft fixation methods on revision rates after primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am. J. Sports Med. 2018; 46 (3): 524530. doi: 10.1177/0363546517748924
32. Mohtadi N.G., Chan D.S., Dainty K.N., Whelan D.B. Patellar tendon versus hamstring tendon autograft for anterior cruciate ligament rupture in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2011; 2011 (9): CD005960. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005960.pub2
33. Dhammi I.K., Rehan-Ul-Haq, Kumar S. Graft choices for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Indian J. Orthop. 2015; 49 (2): 127-128. doi: 10.4103/0019-5413.152393
34. Maletis G.B., Inacio M.C., Desmond J.L., Fu-nahashi T.T. Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: association of graft choice with increased risk of early revision. Bone Joint J. 2013; 95-B (5): 623-628. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.95B5.30872
35. Wasserstein D., Khoshbin A., Dwyer T., Cha-hal J., Gandhi R., Mahomed N., Ogilvie-Harris D. Risk factors for recurrent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a population study in Ontario, Canada, with 5-year follow-up. Am. J. Sports Med. 2013; 41 (9): 2099-2107. doi: 10.1177/0363546513493580
36. Bottoni C.R., Smith E.L., Shaha J., Shaha S.S., Raybin S.G., Tokish J.M., Rowles D.J. Autograft versus allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective, randomized clinical study with a minimum 10-year follow-up. Am. J. Sports Med. 2015; 43 (10): 2501-2509. doi: 10.1177/0363546515596406
37. Snaebjornsson T., Hamrin Senorski E., Ayeni O.R., Alentorn-Geli E., Krupic F., Norberg F., Karlsson J., Samuelsson K. Graft diameter as a predictor for revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and KOOS and EQ-5D Values: A cohort study from the Swedish National Knee Ligament Register Based on 2240 Patients. Am. J. Sports Med. 2017; 45 (9): 20922097. doi: 10.1177/0363546517704177
38. Van Eck C.F., Kropf E.J., Romanowski J.R., Lesniak B.P., Tranovich M.J., van Dijk C.N., Fu F.H. Factors that influence the intra-articular rupture pattern of the ACL graft following single-bundle reconstruction. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 2011; 19 (8): 1243-1248. doi: 10.1007/s00167-011-1427-y
39. Satora W., Krolikowska A., Czamara A., Reichert P. Synthetic grafts in the treatment of ruptured anterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint. Polim. Med. 2017; 47 (1): 55-59. doi: 10.17219/pim/76819
40. MARS Group, Ding D.Y., Zhang A.L., Allen C.R., Anderson A.F., Cooper D.E., DeBerardi-no T.M., Dunn W.R., Haas A.K., Huston L.J., Lantz B.B.A., Mann B., Spindler K.P., Stuart M.J., Wright R.W., Albright J.P., Amendola A.N., And-rish J.T., Annunziata C.C., Arciero R.A., Bach B.R. Jr., Baker C.L. 3rd, Bartolozzi A.R., Baumgarten K.M., Bechler J.R., Berg J.H., Bernas G.A., Brockmeier S.F., Brophy R.H., Bush-Joseph C.A., York J.J. Subsequent surgery after revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: rates and risk factors from a multicenter cohort. Am. J. Sports Med. 2017; 45 (9): 2068-2076. doi: 10.1177/0363546517707207
41. Yan X., Yang X.G., Feng J.T., Liu B., Hu Y.C. Does revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction provide similar clinical outcomes to primary ACL reconstruction? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthop. Surg. 2020; 12 (6): 1534-1546. doi: 10.1111/os.12638
42. Leite C.B.G., Demange M.K. Biological enhancements for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Acta Ortop. Bras. 2019; 27 (6): 325330. doi: 10.1590/1413-785220192706226481
43. MARS Group, Wright R.W., Huston L.J., Spindler K.P., Dunn W.R., Haas A.K., Allen C.R., Cooper D.E., DeBerardino T.M., Lantz B.B., Mann B.J., Stuart M.J. Descriptive epidemiology of the Multicenter ACL Revision Study (MARS) cohort. Am. J. Sports Med. 2010; 38 (10): 1979-1986. doi: 10.1177/0363546510378645
44. Muller B., Bowman K.F. Jr, Bedi A. ACL graft healing and biologics. Clin. Sports Med. 2013; 32 (1): 93-109. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2012.08.010
45. Takeuchi H., Niki Y., Matsunari H., Umeya-ma K., Nagashima H., Enomoto H., Toyama Y., Matsumoto M., Nakamura M. Temporal changes in cellular repopulation and collagen fibril remodeling and regeneration after allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: An experimental study using kusabira-orange transgenic pigs. Am. J. Sports Med. 2016; 44 (9): 2375-2383. doi: 10.1177/0363546516650881
46. Sonnery-Cottet B., Archbold P., Zayni R., Bortolletto J., Thaunat M., Prost T., Padua V.B., Chambat P. Prevalence of septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction among professional athletes. Am. J. Sports Med. 2011; 39 (11): 2371-2376. doi: 10.1177/0363546511417567
47. Samitier G., Marcano A.I., Alentorn-Geli E., Cugat R., Farmer K.W., Moser M.W. Failure of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arch. Bone Jt. Surg. 2015; 3 (4): 220-240.
48. Kamath G.V., Redfern J.C., Greis P.E., Burks R.T. Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am. J. Sports Med. 2011; 39 (1): 199217. doi: 10.1177/0363546510370929
49. Thomee R., Walden M., Hagglund M. Return to sports after anterior cruciate ligament injury: neither surgery nor rehabilitation alone guarantees success - it is much more complicated. Br. J. Sports Med. 2015; 49 (22): 1422. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094793
Review
Views:
412
Email this article 