The role of C-peptide in regulation of the insulin signaling system (systematic review)
https://doi.org/10.18699/SSMJ20210103
Abstract
The C-peptide is a fragment of proinsulin, the cleavage of which forms active insulin. In recent years, new evidence has emerged indicating that C-peptide is involved not only in the processing of insulin in the secretory granules of pancreatic β-cells, but also has an important regulatory effect on the functions of many organs and tissues. C-peptide mediates physiological effects through signaling pathways by binding to a specific receptor on the cell membrane. Intracellular signaling occurs through the G-protein and Ca2+- dependent pathways, which leads to the activation and increased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Na+/K+-ATPase, and important transcription factors involved in apoptosis, anti-inflammatory and other intracellular defense mechanisms. One of the most important physiological effects of C-peptide is the regulation and modification of insulin signaling mechanisms. The nature of the effect of C-peptide on the insulin signaling system depends on the concentration of insulin. It is assumed that under conditions of low insulin levels, the C-peptide receptor binds to Gi/o-proteins and leads to increased activation of processes induced by insulin. In this case, the C-peptide acts as insulin-mimetic peptide. Under high insulin conditions, the C-peptide receptor binds to Gq/11-proteins and leads to activation of protein kinase C with subsequent weakening of insulin-related signaling cascades. This review presents new facts indicating the participation of C-peptide in the regulation of the insulin signaling system.
About the Authors
O. N. Poteryaeva
Institute of Biochemistry of Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translation Medicine
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Olga N. Poteryaeva, doctor of medical sciences
630117, Novosibirsk, Timakov str., 2
I. F. Usynin
Institute of Biochemistry of Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translation Medicine
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Ivan F. Usynin, doctor of biological sciences
630117, Novosibirsk, Timakov str., 2
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