Особенности биораспределения наночастиц золота in vivo

Наночастицы золота обладают уникальными физическими, химическими и оптическими свойствами, благодаря чему на их основе разрабатывают перспективные лекарственные средства: радиосенсибилизаторы, рентгеноконтрастные препараты, агенты для фототермической терапии, лекарственные средства направленной доставки. При этом в каждом случае выбор параметров наночастиц обусловлен не только областью применения, но и характером биораспределения в живом организме: длительностью циркуляции в кровотоке и способностью накапливаться в целевых органах и тканях, включая опухоль. Для этого наночастицы должны избегать фагоцитоза макрофагами печени. Целью данного обзора послужила систематизация информации о влиянии параметров наночастиц золота на их фармакокинетические свойства и биораспределение в организме мелких лабораторных животных, как интактных, так и с трансплантированной опухолью. Рассмотрены такие параметры наночастиц, как размер, стабилизирующее покрытие, форма. Наночастицы меньшего размера, как правило, дольше циркулируют в кровотоке и медленнее накапливаются в печени животного. Для защиты от агрегации, опсонизации и фагоцитоза используют различные варианты покрытия наночастиц, например, цитрат, бычий сывороточный альбумин или полиэтиленгликоль. Влияние формы наночастиц на биораспределение до сих пор недостаточно изучено; предположительно, она имеет меньшее значение, чем размер и покрытие. В целом имеющиеся данные указывают на то, что оптимальными фармакокинетическими свойствами для биомедицинского применения обладают наночастицы золота с диаметром до 50 нм, имеющие экранирующее полимерное покрытие.

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