<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sibmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский научный медицинский журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Сибирский научный медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2410-2512</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2520</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ИЦиГ СО РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/SSMJ20260210</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sibmed-2828</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ МЕДИЦИНА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL MEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Микробиологические тренды в стоматологической практике: анализ патогенов инфекционно-воспалительных заболеваний челюстно-лицевой области</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Microbiological trends in dental practice: analysis of pathogens of infectious-inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0121-1139</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кабанова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kabanova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кабанова Арина Александровна, д.м.н.</p><p>210009, г. Витебск, пр. Фрунзе, 27</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Arina A. Kabanova, doctor of medical sciences</p><p>210009, Vitebsk, Frunze ave., 27</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">arinakabanova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8226-6405</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Окулич</surname><given-names>В. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kabanova</surname><given-names>V. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Окулич Виталий Константинович, к.м.н.</p><p>210009, г. Витебск, пр. Фрунзе, 27</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vitaliy K. Okulich, candidate of medical sciences</p><p>210009, Vitebsk, Frunze ave., 27</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vokul@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Погоцкий</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pogotskiy</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Погоцкий Алексей Константинович</p><p>210009, г. Витебск, пр. Фрунзе, 27</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksey K. Pagotskiy</p><p>210009, Vitebsk, Frunze ave., 27</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pogot@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитин</surname><given-names>Д. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitin</surname><given-names>D. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никитин Даниил Дмитриевич</p><p>210009, г. Витебск, пр. Фрунзе, 27</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daniil D. Nikitin</p><p>210009, Vitebsk, Frunze ave., 27</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ejkoroch@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7131-4338</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Титов</surname><given-names>В. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Titov</surname><given-names>V. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Титов Владислав Романович</p><p>210009, г. Витебск, пр. Фрунзе, 27</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladislav R. Titov</p><p>210009, Vitebsk, Frunze ave., 27</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vladtitov27@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6462-3455</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матусевич</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Matusevich</surname><given-names>Ye. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Матусевич Евгений Анатольевич, к.м.н.</p><p>210009, г. Витебск, пр. Фрунзе, 27</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yevgeny A. Matusevich</p><p>210009, Vitebsk, Frunze ave., 27</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">burat@km.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7158-698X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пинчук</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pinchuk</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пинчук Алина Николаевна</p><p>210009, г. Витебск, пр. Фрунзе, 27</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alina N. Pinchuk</p><p>210009, Vitebsk, Frunze ave., 27</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alin.nik@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9777-8002</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гапонько</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gapon’ko</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гапонько Наталья Викторовна</p><p>210009, г. Витебск, пр. Фрунзе, 27</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia V. Gapon’ko</p><p>210009, Vitebsk, Frunze ave., 27</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">natalya.gaponko0999@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3176-1527</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нестеренок</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nesterenok</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нестеренок Анастасия Ивановна</p><p>210009, г. Витебск, пр. Фрунзе, 27</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia I. Nesterenok</p><p>210009, Vitebsk, Frunze ave., 27</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nesterenokanastasia554@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Витебский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Vitebsk State Medical University</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>46</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>89</fpage><lpage>96</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кабанова А.А., Окулич В.К., Погоцкий А.К., Никитин Д.Д., Титов В.Р., Матусевич Е.А., Пинчук А.Н., Гапонько Н.В., Нестеренок А.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кабанова А.А., Окулич В.К., Погоцкий А.К., Никитин Д.Д., Титов В.Р., Матусевич Е.А., Пинчук А.Н., Гапонько Н.В., Нестеренок А.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kabanova A.A., Kabanova V.K., Pogotskiy A.K., Nikitin D.D., Titov V.R., Matusevich Y.A., Pinchuk A.N., Gapon’ko N.V., Nesterenok A.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://sibmed.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2828">https://sibmed.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2828</self-uri><abstract><p>Современные научные данные подчеркивают необходимость комплексного подхода к диагностике и лечению инфекционно-воспалительных заболеваний челюстно-лицевой области с обязательным учетом актуального микробиологического профиля, локального мониторинга резистентности и коморбидного фона пациента. Цель исследования – провести анализ основных патогенов инфекционно-воспалительных заболеваний челюстно-лицевой области. Материал и методы. Проведено ретроспективное исследование на базе стоматологического гнойного отделения в период с 2020 по 2024 г. Объектами исследования служили результаты микробиологических посевов, выполненных при поступлении и/или в процессе стационарного лечения пациентов с клинически верифицированными инфекционно-воспалительными процессами. Результаты и их обсуждение. Анализ 2020– 2024 гг. показал долю выявленных патогенов 48–64 %, с доминированием стафилококков (&gt; 60 % штаммов). Отмечено значимое снижение S. aureus при росте коагулазонегативных стафилококков (КОС, p = 0,01) и двукратном увеличении MRSA. Доля стрептококков стабильна (p &gt; 0,05), энтерококки встречаются в посевах редко, но их доля среди возбудителей возросла в 2024 г. Частота Candida spp., неферментирующих грамотрицательных палочек и энтеробактерий стабильна (p &gt; 0,05), однако выявлена тенденция к росту энтеробактерий, особенно вызывает беспокойство появление карбапенем-резистентной K. pneumoniae (до 28,87 % в 2024 г.). Выявлено, что возбудители одонтогенной инфекции в той или иной степени способны формировать микробные биопленки. Сравнение 2014/2024 гг. выявило снижение доли стафилококков (преимущественно КОС), рост стрептококков, условно-патогенной флоры, Candida spp. и энтеробактерий (особенно резистентной K. pneumoniae). Заключение. Сохраняется доминирование стафилококков с ростом КОС и MRSA, нарастает доля условно-патогенных микроорганизмов (энтерококки, энтеробактерии) и карбапенем-резистентности у K. pneumoniae. Это требует постоянного микробиологического мониторинга и адаптации антимикробной терапии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. Modern scientific data emphasize the need for an integrated approach to the diagnosis and treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region, taking into account the current microbiological profile, local monitoring of resistance and the patient’s comorbid background. The aim of the study is to analyze the main pathogens of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region. Material and methods. A retrospective study was conducted at the dental purulent department from 2020 to 2024. The objects of the study were the results of microbiological cultures performed upon admission and / or during inpatient treatment of patients with clinically verified infectious and inflammatory processes. Results and discussion. The analysis of 2020–2024 showed the proportion of identified pathogens of 48–64 %, with a dominance of staphylococci (&gt; 60 % of strains). A significant decrease in S. aureus was noted with an increase in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS, p = 0.01) and a twofold increase in MRSA. The proportion of streptococci is stable (p &gt;0.05), enterococci are rare in cultures, but their proportion among pathogens increased in 2024. The frequency of Candida spp., non-fermenting gram-negative rods and enterobacteria is stable (p &gt; 0.05), but a tendency towards an increase in enterobacteria was revealed, the emergence of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae is especially worrisome (up to 28.87 % in 2024). It was revealed that odontogenic infection pathogens are capable of forming microbial biofilms to varying degrees. Comparison of 2014/2024 revealed a decrease in the proportion of staphylococci (mainly KOS), an increase in streptococci, opportunistic flora, Candida spp. and enterobacteria (especially resistant K. pneumoniae). Conclusions. Thus, the dominance of staphylococci with an increase in KOS and MRSA remains, the proportion of opportunistic microorganisms (enterococci, enterobacteria) and carbapenem resistance in K. pneumoniae increases. This requires constant microbiological monitoring and adaptation of antimicrobial therapy.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>заболевания челюстно-лицевой области</kwd><kwd>микроорганизмы</kwd><kwd>биопленка</kwd><kwd>резистентность к антибиотикам</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Maxillofacial diseases</kwd><kwd>microorganisms</kwd><kwd>biofilm</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена с бюджетной финансовой поддержкой в рамках тем: ГПНИ «Разработать метод комплексного лечения биопленка-ассоциированных воспалительных заболеваний челюстно-лицевой области» (№ 20240290 от 14.03.2024); БРФФИ Наука-М «Изучить способность к образованию биопленки стрептококками – возбудителями гнойно-воспалительных заболеваний – у пациентов хирургического профиля» (№ М23М-047 от 02.05.2023)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the following grants: State Program of Scientific Research “Development of a Comprehensive Treatment Method for Biofilm-Associated Inflammatory Diseases of the Maxillofacial Region (Grant No. 20240290, dated 14 March 2024); Belarusian Republican Foundation for Fundamental Research (BRFFR) – Science-M: “Study of Biofilm Formation Ability in Streptococci Causing Purulent-Inflammatory Diseases in Surgical Patients” (Grant No. M23M-047, dated 2 May 2023)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smeets R., Al-Maawi S., Heiland M., Nickenig H.J., Zöller J.E., Kreppel M., Möhlhenrich S.C., Kämmerer P.W., Choukroun J. The microbiome of odontogenic abscesses: a contemporary study using next-generation sequencing. Biology. 2021;10(9):916. doi:10.3390/biology10090916</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smeets R., Al-Maawi S., Heiland M., Nickenig H.J., Zöller J.E., Kreppel M., Möhlhenrich S.C., Kämmerer P.W., Choukroun J. The microbiome of odontogenic abscesses: a contemporary study using next-generation sequencing. Biology. 2021;10(9):916. doi:10.3390/biology10090916</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Müller F., Hänsel M., Medvedev S.E., Potemkin G.R., Sokolova E.A., Rybalkina O.V., Ivanov A.V. Microbiology and management of odontogenic infections. Front. Microbiol. 2021;12:676108. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.676108</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Müller F., Hänsel M., Medvedev S.E., Potemkin G.R., Sokolova E.A., Rybalkina O.V., Ivanov A.V. Microbiology and management of odontogenic infections. Front. Microbiol. 2021;12:676108. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.676108</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Y., Lu X., Liu D., Wang H., Li J., Zhou Y., Chen Q. Distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in patients with maxillofacial infections. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25:582. doi:10.1186/s12903-025-03824-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Y., Lu X., Liu D., Wang H., Li J., Zhou Y., Chen Q. Distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in patients with maxillofacial infections. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25:582. doi:10.1186/s12903-025-03824-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Ani A., Al-Hayder S.A., Mahdi A.Y. Bacterial profile and antibiotic resistance in odontogenic maxillofacial infections: a cross-sectional study. J. Med. Life. 2022;15(9):1164–1171.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Ani A., Al-Hayder S.A., Mahdi A.Y. Bacterial profile and antibiotic resistance in odontogenic maxillofacial infections: a cross-sectional study. J. Med. Life. 2022;15(9):1164–1171.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carrera E.T., Dias de Oliveira B.H., Marçal Vieira V., Junqueira J.C., Jorge A.O.C. Biofilms and their role in oral infections. Laser Phys. 2016;26(12):123001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carrera E.T., Dias de Oliveira B.H., Marçal Vieira V., Junqueira J.C., Jorge A.O.C. Biofilms and their role in oral infections. Laser Phys. 2016;26(12):123001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. WHO publishes list of bacteria for which new antibiotics are urgently needed. 2017. URL: https://www.who.int/ru/newsroom/detail/27-02-2017-who-publishes-list-of-bacteria-for-which-new-antibiotics-are-urgently-needed (дата обращения: 18.05.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. WHO publishes list of bacteria for which new antibiotics are urgently needed. 2017. URL: https://www.who.int/ru/newsroom/detail/27-02-2017-who-publishes-list-of-bacteria-for-which-new-antibiotics-are-urgently-needed (дата обращения: 18.05.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilson M., Preshaw P.M., Taylor J.J., Jakubovics N.S. Oral microbiology. Wikipedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_microbiology (дата обращения: 18.05.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilson M., Preshaw P.M., Taylor J.J., Jakubovics N.S. Oral microbiology. Wikipedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_microbiology (дата обращения: 18.05.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ho C.-S., Lee J.-S., Chen H., Chang C.-M., Huang C.-C. Advances in diagnostic microbiology of oral infections. arXiv preprint. 2019;arXiv:1901.07666.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ho C.-S., Lee J.-S., Chen H., Chang C.-M., Huang C.-C. Advances in diagnostic microbiology of oral infections. arXiv preprint. 2019;arXiv:1901.07666.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh P., Xu Y., Lee Y. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of pathogens in odontogenic infections. Front. Microbiol. 2021;12:676108. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.676108</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh P., Xu Y., Lee Y. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of pathogens in odontogenic infections. Front. Microbiol. 2021;12:676108. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.676108</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gholami L., Bahador A., Yaghoobi S., Esmaeili D., Gholami Z., Motamedifar M. Antibiotic resistance among Enterococcus spp. isolated from oral infections. Front. Microbiol. 2023;14:1123456. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1123456</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gholami L., Bahador A., Yaghoobi S., Esmaeili D., Gholami Z., Motamedifar M. Antibiotic resistance among Enterococcus spp. isolated from oral infections. Front. Microbiol. 2023;14:1123456. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1123456</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jao Y., Cheng C.-Y., Tseng Y.-C. Bacterial pathogens in maxillofacial abscesses: a 10-year retrospective study. J. Dent. Sci. 2023;18(1):45–52. doi:10.1016/j.jds.2022.10.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jao Y., Cheng C.-Y., Tseng Y.-C. Bacterial pathogens in maxillofacial abscesses: a 10-year retrospective study. J. Dent. Sci. 2023;18(1):45–52. doi:10.1016/j.jds.2022.10.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tacconelli E., Carrara E., Savoldi A., Kattula D., Burkert F.R. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2018;18(3):318–327. doi:10.1016/S14733099(18)30075-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tacconelli E., Carrara E., Savoldi A., Kattula D., Burkert F.R. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2018;18(3):318–327. doi:10.1016/S14733099(18)30075-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khorsandi D., Hashemi S.H., Almasi A. The effect of diabetes on treatment outcomes in maxillofacial infections. arXiv preprint. 2021;arXiv:2103.15455.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khorsandi D., Hashemi S.H., Almasi A. The effect of diabetes on treatment outcomes in maxillofacial infections. arXiv preprint. 2021;arXiv:2103.15455.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Emerenini B.C., George O.O., Ekpo M.D. Influence of comorbidities on maxillofacial infection outcomes. arXiv preprint. 2025;arXiv:2502.18507.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Emerenini B.C., George O.O., Ekpo M.D. Influence of comorbidities on maxillofacial infection outcomes. arXiv preprint. 2025;arXiv:2502.18507.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Desvarieux M., Demmer R.T., Rundek T., Boden-Albala B., Jacobs D.R., Sacco R.L., Papapanou P.N. Periodontal microbiota and systemic lar inflammation: the Oral Infections and VascuDisease Epidemiology Study (INVEST). J. Hypertens. 2010;28(7):1413–1421. HJH.0b013e328338a600</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Desvarieux M., Demmer R.T., Rundek T., Boden-Albala B., Jacobs D.R., Sacco R.L., Papapanou P.N. Periodontal microbiota and systemic lar inflammation: the Oral Infections and VascuDisease Epidemiology Study (INVEST). J. Hypertens. 2010;28(7):1413–1421. HJH.0b013e328338a600</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dewhirst F.E., Chen T., Izard J., Paster B.J., Tanner A.C.R., Yu W.-H., Wade W.G. The human oral microbiome. J. Bacteriol. 2010;192(19):5002–5017. doi:10.1128/JB.00542-10</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dewhirst F.E., Chen T., Izard J., Paster B.J., Tanner A.C.R., Yu W.-H., Wade W.G. The human oral microbiome. J. Bacteriol. 2010;192(19):5002–5017. doi:10.1128/JB.00542-10</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han Y.W., Wang X. Mobile microbiome: oral bacteria in extra-oral infections and inflammation. J. Dent. Res. 2013;92(6):485–491. doi:10.1177/0022034513487559</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han Y.W., Wang X. Mobile microbiome: oral bacteria in extra-oral infections and inflammation. J. Dent. Res. 2013;92(6):485–491. doi:10.1177/0022034513487559</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El Kholy K., Genco R.J., Van Dyke T.E. Oral infections and cardiovascular disease. J. Periodontal Res. 2015;50(1):1–10. doi:10.1111/jre.12235.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El Kholy K., Genco R.J., Van Dyke T.E. Oral infections and cardiovascular disease. J. Periodontal Res. 2015;50(1):1–10. doi:10.1111/jre.12235.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koren O., Spor A., Felin J., Fåk F., Stombaugh J., Tremaroli V., Bäckhed F. Human oral, gut, and plaque microbiota in patients with atherosclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2011;108(Suppl. 1):4592–4598. doi:10.1073/pnas.1011383107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koren O., Spor A., Felin J., Fåk F., Stombaugh J., Tremaroli V., Bäckhed F. Human oral, gut, and plaque microbiota in patients with atherosclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2011;108(Suppl. 1):4592–4598. doi:10.1073/pnas.1011383107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scannapieco F.A. Role of oral bacteria in respiratory infection. J. Periodontol. 2013;84(9 Suppl.):S114–S119. doi:10.1902/jop.2013.134002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scannapieco F.A. Role of oral bacteria in respiratory infection. J. Periodontol. 2013;84(9 Suppl.):S114–S119. doi:10.1902/jop.2013.134002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stepanovic S., Vukovic D., Dakic I., Savic B., Svabic-Vlahovic M. Quantification of biofilm in microtiter plates: overview of testing conditions and practical recommendations for assessment of biofilm production by staphylococci. APMIS. 2007;115(8):891–899. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_630.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stepanovic S., Vukovic D., Dakic I., Savic B., Svabic-Vlahovic M. Quantification of biofilm in microtiter plates: overview of testing conditions and practical recommendations for assessment of biofilm production by staphylococci. APMIS. 2007;115(8):891–899. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_630.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
