sibmedСибирский научный медицинский журналСибирский научный медицинский журнал2410-25122410-2520ИЦиГ СО РАН10.18699/SSMJ20240306sibmed-1547Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSРоль тиреоидных гормонов в реализации адаптационных реакций организмаRole of thyroid hormones in the implementation of adaptive reactions of the organismhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9279-5282ШатырЮ. А.ShatyrYu. A.

Шатыр Юлия Александровна, к.б.н.

194044, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Лебедева, 6

Yulia A. Shatyr, candidate of biological sciences

194044, Saint-Petersburg, Academika Lebedeva st., 6

yuliashatyr@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0668-4664НазаровН. О.NazarovN. O.

Назаров Никита Олегович, к.м.н.

143408, г. Красногорск, ул. Карбышева, 4

Nikita O. Nazarov, candidate of medical sciences

143408, Krasnogorsk, Karbysheva st., 4

naznik@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-5977ГлушаковР. И.GlushakovR. I.

Глушаков Руслан Иванович, д.м.н.

194044, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Лебедева, 6

Ruslan I. Glushakov, doctor of medical sciences

194044, Saint-Petersburg, Academika Lebedeva st., 6

glushakoffruslan@yandex.ruВоенно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова Минобороны РоссииРоссияS.M. Kirov Military Medical AcademyRussian FederationЦентр внедрения изменений Министерства здравоохранения Московской областиРоссияCenter for Implementation of Changes of the Ministry of Health of the Moscow RegionRussian Federation2024030720244435867Copyright © Шатыр Ю.А., Назаров Н.О., Глушаков Р.И., 20242024Шатыр Ю.А., Назаров Н.О., Глушаков Р.И.Shatyr Y.A., Nazarov N.O., Glushakov R.I.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://sibmed.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1547

Активность гормонов щитовидной железы является одним из ключевых элементов регуляции адаптационных реакций организма. В работе представлен анализ механизма действия тиреоидных гормонов как ответной реакции организма на стрессовые воздействия со стороны окружающей среды. Цель исследования – конкретизация роли йодтиронинов в формировании адаптационных реакций организма. Материал и методы. Анализ литературы выполнялся с использованием баз данных PubMed, SpringerLink, eLibrary, GoogleScholar по релевантным публикациям за период 2015–2023 гг. Результаты и их обсуждение. Развитие как гипо-, так и гипертиреоза отрицательно сказывается на функционировании ряда органов и систем организма. Охарактеризованы последствия изменения уровня тиреоидных гормонов в виде гипо- и гипертиреоза для адаптационных возможностей организма, проанализированы возможности коррекции адаптационных реакций посредством регулирования их содержания. Заключение. К настоящему времени доказано, что тиреоидные гормоны принимают активное участие в экспрессии более 100 генов, поддержании редокс-баланса, а также во множестве метаболических реакций, что оказывает влияние на адаптационный потенциал организма. При этом развитие как гипо-, так и гипертиреоза отрицательно сказывается на функционировании ряда органов и систем организма. Следовательно, для успешности адаптации человека к стрессовым факторам среды целесообразна коррекция содержания в организме йодотиронинов. Активно используемое гормональное сопровождение, несмотря на доказанную эффективность, имеет, тем не менее, ряд ограничений в силу потенциального вреда такой терапии, вследствие чего в настоящее время анализируются подходы к коррекции содержания йодтиронинов, в частности, путем алиментарного приема ряда витаминов и микроэлементов, а также посредством дозированной физической нагрузки.

The activity of thyroid hormones is one of the key elements in the regulation of the organism’s adaptive reactions. The article presents an analysis of thyroid hormones’s action mechanism as the organism’s response to environmental stress. The purpose of the study is to specify the role of iodothyronines in the formation of the organism adaptive reactions. Material and methods. The literature analysis was performed using the PubMed, SpringerLink, eLibrary, GoogleScholar databases for relevant publications for the period 2015–2023. Results and discussion. The development of both hypo- and hyperthyroidism negatively affects the functioning of a number of organs and systems of the organism. The consequences of changes in the level of thyroid hormones in the form of hypo- and hyperthyroidism for the adaptive capabilities of the organism are characterized, and the possibilities of correcting adaptive reactions by regulating their level are analyzed. Conclusions. To date, it has been proven that thyroid hormones are actively involved in the expression of more than 100 genes, maintaining redox balance, as well as in many metabolic reactions, which affects the adaptive potential of the organism. At the same time, the development of both hypo- and hyperthyroidism negatively affects the functioning of a number of organs and systems of the organism. Therefore, for a person to successfully adapt to stressful environmental factors, it is advisable to correct the content of iodothyronines in the organism. Actively used hormonal support, despite proven effectiveness, has nevertheless a number of limitations regarding the potential harm of such therapy, as a result of which approaches to correcting the content of iodothyronines are currently being analyzed, in particular, through the nutritional intake of a number of vitamins and microelements, as well as through dosed physical activity.

гормоны щитовидной железыйодтирониныадаптациясредовое воздействиестрессоустойчивостьthyroid hormonesiodothyroninesadaptationenvironmental exposurestress resistanceReferencesКрасильников А.Н., Турбина Е.Г. Роль функциональных систем организма к физическим нагрузкам. Изв. Самар. науч. центра РАН. Соц., гум., мед.-биол. науки. 2022;(24):42–46. doi: 10.37313/2413-9645-2022-24-83-42-46Krasilnikov A.N., Turbina E.G. The role of the body’s functional systems to physical activity. Izvestiya Samarskogo nauchnogo tsentra Rossiyskoy akademii nauk. Sotsial’nyye, gumanitarnyye, mediko-biologicheskiye nauki = Proceedings of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Social, humanities, medical and biological sciences. 2022;(24):42–46. [In Russian]. doi: 10.37313/2413-9645-2022-24-83-42-46Оппедизано М.Д.Л., Артюх Л.Ю. Адаптация человека к экстремальным условиям деятельности. Физиологические механизмы (структурный след адаптации). Forcipe. 2021;4(4):18–25.Oppedizano M.D.L., Artyukh L.Yu. Human adaptation to extreme conditions of activity. Physiological mechanisms (structural trace of adaptation). Forcipe. 2021;4(4):18–25. [In Russian].Al-Suhaimi E.A., Khan F.A. Thyroid glands: physiology and structure. In: Emerging Concepts in Endocrine Structure and Functions. Singapore: Springer, 2022. P. 133–160. doi: 10.1007/978-981-16-9016-7_5Al-Suhaimi E.A., Khan F.A. Thyroid glands: physiology and structure. In: Emerging Concepts in Endocrine Structure and Functions. Singapore: Springer, 2022. P. 133–160. doi: 10.1007/978-981-16-9016-7_5Schiera G., di Liegro C.M., di Liegro I. Involvement of thyroid hormones in brain development and cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(11):2693. doi: 10.3390/cancers13112693Schiera G., di Liegro C.M., di Liegro I. Involvement of thyroid hormones in brain development and cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(11):2693. doi: 10.3390/cancers13112693Litwack G. Thyroid hormones. In: Hormones (Fourth Ed.). Pennsylvania: Academic Press, 2022. P. 101–121. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-90262-5.00028-7Litwack G. Thyroid hormones. In: Hormones (Fourth Ed.). Pennsylvania: Academic Press, 2022. P. 101–121. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-90262-5.00028-7Ma Z., Song P., Ji D., Zheng M., Qiu G., Liu Z., Wang B. Thyroid hormones as biomarkers of lung cancer: a retrospective study. Ann. Med. 2023;55(1):2196088. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2196088Ma Z., Song P., Ji D., Zheng M., Qiu G., Liu Z., Wang B. Thyroid hormones as biomarkers of lung cancer: a retrospective study. Ann. Med. 2023;55(1):2196088. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2196088Gelen V., Sengul E., Kükürt A. Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and their effects on the cardiovascular system. In: Hyperthyroidism. EBOOK (PDF). doi:10.5772/intechopen.100994Gelen V., Sengul E., Kükürt A. Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and their effects on the cardiovascular system. In: Hyperthyroidism. EBOOK (PDF). doi:10.5772/intechopen.100994Grasseli E., Voci A., Demori I., Vecchione G., Compalati A.D., Gallo G., Goglia F., de Matteis R., Silvestri E., Vergani L. Triglyceride mobilization from lipid droplets sustains the anti-steatotic action of iodothyronines in cultured rat hepatocytes. Front. Physiol. 2015;6:418. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00418Grasseli E., Voci A., Demori I., Vecchione G., Compalati A.D., Gallo G., Goglia F., de Matteis R., Silvestri E., Vergani L. Triglyceride mobilization from lipid droplets sustains the anti-steatotic action of iodothyronines in cultured rat hepatocytes. Front. Physiol. 2015;6:418. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00418Kazakou P., Nicolaides N.C., Chrousos G.P. Basic concepts and hormonal regulators of the stress system. Horm. Res. Pediatr. 2023;96(1):8–16. doi: 10.1159/000523975Kazakou P., Nicolaides N.C., Chrousos G.P. Basic concepts and hormonal regulators of the stress system. Horm. Res. Pediatr. 2023;96(1):8–16. doi: 10.1159/000523975Давтян А.Р., Памаев С.В., Давудов И.Т. Исследовательская активность у самок мышей линии СЗН-А на фоне измененного тиреоидного статуса. Смолен. мед. альманах. 2019;(1):87–89.Davtyan A.R., Pamaev S.V., Davudov I.T. The influence of experimentally changed thyroid status on cognitivity of female of inbred mice C3H-A. Smolenskiy meditsinskiy al’manakh = Smolensk Medical Almanac. 2019;(1):87–89. [In Russian].Молодовская И.Н. Дофаминергическая система и ее взаимосвязь с гипоталамо-гипофизарногонадной и гипоталамо-гипофизарно-тиреоидной системами (обзор литературы). Сиб. науч. мед. ж. 2020;40(6):34–43. doi: 10.15372/SSMJ20200604Molodovskaya I.N. The dopaminergic system and its relationship with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid systems (literature review). Sibirskij nauchnyj medicinskij zhurnal = Siberian Scientific Medical Journal. 2020;40(6):34–43. [In Russian]. doi: 10.15372/SSMJ20200604Yavuz S., del Prado S.N., Celi F.S. Thyroid hormone action and energy expenditure. J. Endocr. Soc. 2019;3(7):1345–1356. doi: 10.1210/js.2018-00423Yavuz S., del Prado S.N., Celi F.S. Thyroid hormone action and energy expenditure. J. Endocr. Soc. 2019;3(7):1345–1356. doi: 10.1210/js.2018-00423Раджабкадиев Р.М., Выборная К.В., Лавриненко С.В., Васильев А.В. Тиреоидный статус спортсменов различных дисциплин. Человек. Спорт. Мед. 2020;20(S1):5–12. doi: 10.14529/hsm20s101Radzhabkadiev R.M., Vybornaya K.V., Lavrinenko S.V., Vasiliev A.V. Thyroid status of athletes of various disciplines. Chelovek. Sport. Meditsina = Human. Sport. Medicine. 2020;20(S1):5–12. [In Russian]. doi: 10.14529/hsm20s101Садыкова Г.С. Физиологические механизмы функциональных взаимоотношений гормонов щитовидной железы и катехоламинов в условиях высокогорья (3600 м). Известия НАН КР. 2022;(6):145–149.Sadykova G.S. Physiological mechanisms of functional relationships between thyroid hormones and catecholamines in high altitude conditions (3600 m). Izvestiya Natsional’noy akademii nauk Kyrgyzskoy respubliki = News of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic. 2022;(6):145–149. [In Russian].Салтыкова М.М. Основные физиологические механизмы адаптации человека к холоду. Рос. физиол. ж. 2017;103(2):138–151. [In Russian].Saltykova M.M. Basic physiological mechanisms of human adaptation to cold. Rossiyskiy fiziologicheskiy zhurnal imeni Ivana Mikhaylovicha Sechenova = Russian Journal of Physiology. 2017;103(2):138–151.Tsibulnikov S., Maslov L., Voronkov N., Oeltgen P. Thyroid hormones and the mechanisms of adaptation to cold. Hormones (Athens). 2020;19(3):329–339. doi: 10.1007/s42000-020-00200-2Tsibulnikov S., Maslov L., Voronkov N., Oeltgen P. Thyroid hormones and the mechanisms of adaptation to cold. Hormones (Athens). 2020;19(3):329–339. doi: 10.1007/s42000-020-00200-2Machado M., Bachini F., Itaborahy A. Thyroid hormones and skeletal muscle beyond thermogenesis. J. Sci. Sport Exercise. 2023. doi: 10.1007/s42978-023-00235-yMachado M., Bachini F., Itaborahy A. Thyroid hormones and skeletal muscle beyond thermogenesis. J. Sci. Sport Exercise. 2023. doi: 10.1007/s42978-023-00235-yMcDermott M.T. Hypothyroidism. Ann. Intern. Med. 2020;173(1):ITC1–ITC16. doi: 10.7326/AITC202007070McDermott M.T. Hypothyroidism. Ann. Intern. Med. 2020;173(1):ITC1–ITC16. doi: 10.7326/AITC202007070Goharbari M.H., Shadboorestan A., Abdollahi M. Inhibitory effects of thyroid hormones on mitochondrial oxidative stress: a systematic review. Int. J. Pharm. 2016;12(3):249–261. doi: 10.3923/ijp.2016.249.261Goharbari M.H., Shadboorestan A., Abdollahi M. Inhibitory effects of thyroid hormones on mitochondrial oxidative stress: a systematic review. Int. J. Pharm. 2016;12(3):249–261. doi: 10.3923/ijp.2016.249.261Cioffi F., Giacco A., Goglia F., Silvestri E. Bioenergetic aspects of mitochondrial actions of thyroid hormones. Cells. 2022;11(6):997. doi: 10.3390/cells11060997Cioffi F., Giacco A., Goglia F., Silvestri E. Bioenergetic aspects of mitochondrial actions of thyroid hormones. Cells. 2022;11(6):997. doi: 10.3390/cells11060997Giammanco M., di Liegro C.M., Schiera G., di Liegro I. Genomic and non-genomic mechanisms of action of thyroid hormones and their catabolite 3,5-Diiodo-L-Thyronine in mammals. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21(11):4140. doi: 10.3390/ijms21114140Giammanco M., di Liegro C.M., Schiera G., di Liegro I. Genomic and non-genomic mechanisms of action of thyroid hormones and their catabolite 3,5-Diiodo-L-Thyronine in mammals. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21(11):4140. doi: 10.3390/ijms21114140Incerpi S., Gionfra F., de Luca R., Candelotti E., de Vito P., Percario Z.A., Leone S., Gnocchi D., Rossi M., Caruso F., … Pedersen J.Z. Extranuclear effects of thyroid hormones and analogs during development: An old mechanism with emerging roles. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 2022;13:961744. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.961744Incerpi S., Gionfra F., de Luca R., Candelotti E., de Vito P., Percario Z.A., Leone S., Gnocchi D., Rossi M., Caruso F., … Pedersen J.Z. Extranuclear effects of thyroid hormones and analogs during development: An old mechanism with emerging roles. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 2022;13:961744. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.961744Глушаков Р.И., Власьева О.В., Соболев И.В., Прошин С.Н., Тапильская Н.И. Тиреоидный статус как прогностический маркер в онкологии. Злокачеств. опухоли. 2015;(2):13–20. doi: 10.18027/2224-5057-2015-2-13-20Glushakov R.I., Vlaseva O.V., Sobolev I.V., Proshin S.N., Tapilskaya N.I. Thyroid hormonal status as a prognostic risk factors in cancer patients. Zlokachestvennyye opukholi = Malignant Tumors. 2015;(2):13–20. [In Russian]. doi: 10.18027/2224-5057-2015-2-13-20Schiera G., di Liegro C.M., di Liegro I. Involvement of thyroid hormones in brain development and cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(11):2693. doi: 10.3390/cancers13112693Schiera G., di Liegro C.M., di Liegro I. Involvement of thyroid hormones in brain development and cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(11):2693. doi: 10.3390/cancers13112693Селиванова Е.К., Тарасова О.С. Негеномное действие тиреоидных гормонов: роль в регуляции сосудистой системы. Вестн. МГУ. Сер. 16: Биология. 2020;75(4):226–236.Selivanova E.K., Tarasova O.S. Non-genomic action of thyroid hormones: role in the regulation of the vascular system. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 16: Biologiya = The Moscow University Вulletin: Series 16: Biology. 2020;75(4):226–236. [In Russian].Lasa M., Contreras-Jurado C. Thyroid hormones act as modulators of inflammation through their nuclear receptors. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 2022;13:937099. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.937099Lasa M., Contreras-Jurado C. Thyroid hormones act as modulators of inflammation through their nuclear receptors. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 2022;13:937099. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.937099Рыбакова А.А., Платонова Н.М., Трошина Е.А. Оксидативный стресс и его роль в развитии аутоиммунных заболеваний щитовидной железы. Пробл. эндокринол. 2019;65(6):451–457. doi: 10.14341/probl11827Rybakova A.A., Platonova N.M., Troshina E.A. Oxidative stress and its role in the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Problemy endocrinologii = Problems of Endocrinology. 2019;65(6):451–457. [In Russian]. doi: 10.14341/probl11827Guerri G., Bressan S., Sartori M., Costantini A., Benedetti S., Agostini F., Tezzele S., Cecchin S., Scaramuzza A., Bertelli M. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Acta Biomed. 2019;90(10-S):83–86. doi:10.23750/abm.v90i10-S.8765Guerri G., Bressan S., Sartori M., Costantini A., Benedetti S., Agostini F., Tezzele S., Cecchin S., Scaramuzza A., Bertelli M. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Acta Biomed. 2019;90(10-S):83–86. doi:10.23750/abm.v90i10-S.8765Almojali A.I., Almalki S.A., Alothman A.S., Masuadi E.M., Alaqeel M.K. The prevalence and association of stress with sleep quality among medical students. J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health. 2017;7(3):169–174. doi: 10.1016/j.jegh.2017.04.005Almojali A.I., Almalki S.A., Alothman A.S., Masuadi E.M., Alaqeel M.K. The prevalence and association of stress with sleep quality among medical students. J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health. 2017;7(3):169–174. doi: 10.1016/j.jegh.2017.04.005Маркевич Т.Н., Городецкая И.В. Влияние стресса на уровень йодсодержащих гормонов щитовидной железы. Достижения фундаментальной, клинической медицины и фармации: сб. тр. 76 науч. сессии ВГМУ; Витебск, 28–29 января 2021 г. Витебск, 2021. С. 282–284.Markevich T.N., Gorodetskaya I.V. The effect of stress on the level of iodine-containing thyroid hor mones. Achievements of fundamental, clinical medicine and pharmacy: proc. 76th scientific session of VSMU; Vitebsk, January 28–29, 2021. Vitebsk, 2021. P. 282–284. [In Russian].Зябишева В.Н. Актуальность физиологических исследований в условиях Европейского Севера на примере изучения фотопериодической динамики показателей тиреоидного профиля. Ж. мед.-биол. исслед. 2022;10(2):180–183. [In Russian]. doi: 10.37482/2687-1491-Z100Zyabisheva V.N. The relevance of physiological research in the conditions of the European North using the example of studying the photoperiodic dynamics of thyroid profile indicators. Zhurnal mediko-biologicheskikh issledovaniy = Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2022;10(2):180–183. [In Russian]. doi: 10.37482/2687-1491-Z100di Munno C., Busiello R.A., Calonne J., Salzano A.M., Miles-Chan J., Scaloni A., Ceccarelli M., de Lange P., Lombardi A., Senese R., … Silvestri E. Adaptive Thermogenesis driving catch-up fat is associated with increased muscle type 3 and decreased hepatic type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase activities: a functional and proteomic study. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 2021;12:31176. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.631176di Munno C., Busiello R.A., Calonne J., Salzano A.M., Miles-Chan J., Scaloni A., Ceccarelli M., de Lange P., Lombardi A., Senese R., … Silvestri E. Adaptive Thermogenesis driving catch-up fat is associated with increased muscle type 3 and decreased hepatic type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase activities: a functional and proteomic study. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 2021;12:31176. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.631176Hong H., Lee J. Thyroid-stimulating hormone as a biomarker for stress after thyroid surgery: a prospective cohort study. Med. Sci. Monit. 2022;28:E937957. doi: 10.12659/MSM.937957Hong H., Lee J. Thyroid-stimulating hormone as a biomarker for stress after thyroid surgery: a prospective cohort study. Med. Sci. Monit. 2022;28:E937957. doi: 10.12659/MSM.937957Mancini A., Segni C., Raimondo S., Olivieri G., Silvestrini A., Meucci E., Currò D. Thyroid hormones, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Mediators Inflamm. 2016;2016:6757154. doi: 10.1155/2016/6757154Mancini A., Segni C., Raimondo S., Olivieri G., Silvestrini A., Meucci E., Currò D. Thyroid hormones, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Mediators Inflamm. 2016;2016:6757154. doi: 10.1155/2016/6757154Naseem Z., Iqbal M.A., Ahmad S., Roohi N. Inflammatory markers as prognosticators of cardiovascular dysfunction in hypothyroid patients. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents. 2019;33(6):1891–1895. doi: 10.23812/19-334-LNaseem Z., Iqbal M.A., Ahmad S., Roohi N. Inflammatory markers as prognosticators of cardiovascular dysfunction in hypothyroid patients. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents. 2019;33(6):1891–1895. doi: 10.23812/19-334-LRabbani E., Golgiri F., Janani L., Moradi N., Fallah S., Abiri B., Vafa M. Randomized study of the effects of zinc, vitamin a, and magnesium co-supplementation on thyroid function, oxidative stress, and hsCRP in patients with hypothyroidism. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2021;199(11):4074–4083. doi: 10.1007/s12011-020-02548-3Rabbani E., Golgiri F., Janani L., Moradi N., Fallah S., Abiri B., Vafa M. Randomized study of the effects of zinc, vitamin a, and magnesium co-supplementation on thyroid function, oxidative stress, and hsCRP in patients with hypothyroidism. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2021;199(11):4074–4083. doi: 10.1007/s12011-020-02548-3Cheung Y.M., Wang W., McGregor B., Hamnvik O.R. Associations between immune-related thyroid dysfunction and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2022;71(8):1795–1812. doi: 10.1007/s00262-021-03128-7Cheung Y.M., Wang W., McGregor B., Hamnvik O.R. Associations between immune-related thyroid dysfunction and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2022;71(8):1795–1812. doi: 10.1007/s00262-021-03128-7Chang X.R., Yao Y.L., Wang D., Ma H.T., Gou P.H., Li C.Y., Wang J.L. Influence of hypothyroidism on testicular mitochondrial oxidative stress by activating the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase signaling pathways in rats. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2019;38(1):95–105. doi: 10.1177/0960327118781927Chang X.R., Yao Y.L., Wang D., Ma H.T., Gou P.H., Li C.Y., Wang J.L. Influence of hypothyroidism on testicular mitochondrial oxidative stress by activating the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase signaling pathways in rats. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2019;38(1):95–105. doi: 10.1177/0960327118781927Davis P. J., Leonard J. L., Lin H. Y., Leinung M., Mousa S.A. Molecular basis of nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone. Vitam. Horm. 2018;106:67–96. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.001Davis P. J., Leonard J. L., Lin H. Y., Leinung M., Mousa S.A. Molecular basis of nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone. Vitam. Horm. 2018;106:67–96. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.001Gachkar S., Nock S., Geissler C., Oelkrug R., Johann K., Resch J., Rahman A., Arner A., Kirchner H., Mittag J. Aortic effects of thyroid hormone in male mice. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 2019;62(3):91–99. doi: 10.1530/JME-18-0217Gachkar S., Nock S., Geissler C., Oelkrug R., Johann K., Resch J., Rahman A., Arner A., Kirchner H., Mittag J. Aortic effects of thyroid hormone in male mice. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 2019;62(3):91–99. doi: 10.1530/JME-18-0217Venediktova N., Solomadin I., Starinets V., Mironova G. Structural and dynamic features of liver mitochondria and mitophagy in rats with hyperthyroidism. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23(22):14327. doi: 10.3390/ijms232214327Venediktova N., Solomadin I., Starinets V., Mironova G. Structural and dynamic features of liver mitochondria and mitophagy in rats with hyperthyroidism. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23(22):14327. doi: 10.3390/ijms232214327Venditti P., Napolitano G., Fasciolo G., di Meo S. Thyroid state affects H2O2 removal by rat heart mitochondria. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2019;662:61–67. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.11.025Venditti P., Napolitano G., Fasciolo G., di Meo S. Thyroid state affects H2O2 removal by rat heart mitochondria. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2019;662:61–67. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.11.025Wiersinga W.M., Poppe K.G., Effraimidis G. Hyperthyroidism: aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, complications, and prognosis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023;11(4):282–298. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00005-0Wiersinga W.M., Poppe K.G., Effraimidis G. Hyperthyroidism: aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, complications, and prognosis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023;11(4):282–298. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00005-0Городецкая И.В., Гусакова Е.А. Влияние йодсодержащих гормонов щитовидной железы на центральный отдел стресс-лимитирующей системы. Вестн. ВГМУ. 2018;17(3):7–15. doi: 10.22263/2312-4156.2018.3.7Gorodetskaya I.V., Gusakova E.A. The influence of iodine-containing thyroid hormones on the central part of the stress-limiting system. Vestnik Vitebskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta = Vestnik of Vitebsk State Medical University. 2018;17(3):7–15. [In Russian]. doi: 10.22263/2312-4156.2018.3.7Кореневская Н.А., Гусакова Е.А., Городецкая И.В., Евдокимова О.В. Динамика ответной реакции гипофизарно-тиреоидной системы при хроническом стрессовом воздействии у крыс с интактным и измененным тиреоидным статусом. Вестн. ВГМУ. 2011;10(4):21–29.Korenevskaya N.A., Gusakova E.A., Gorodetskaya I.V., Evdokimova O.V. Dynamics of the response of the pituitary-thyroid system under chronic stress in rats with intact and altered thyroid status. Vestnik Vitebskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta = Vestnik of Vitebsk State Medical University. 2011;10(4):21–29. [In Russian].Масюк Н.Ю., Городецкая И.В. Характеристика тиреоидного статуса при изолированном и комбинированном с кариесогенной диетой краудинг-стрессе. Вестн. ВГМУ. 2018;17(4):48–54. doi: 10.22263/2312-4156.2018.4.48Masyuk N.Yu., Gorodetskaya I.V. Characteristics of thyroid status under isolated and combined with a cariogenic diet crowding stress. Vestnik Vitebskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta = Vestnik of Vitebsk State Medical University. 2018;17(4):48–54. [In Russian]. doi: 10.22263/2312-4156.2018.4.48Дудко А.В. Особенности показателей физиологических систем спортсменов в природноклиматических условиях Севера. Международный журнал прикладных наук и технологий Integral. 2021;3(2). doi:10.24412/2658-3569-2021-10053Dudko A.V. Features of indicators of physiological systems of athletes in the natural and climatic conditions of the North. Mezhdunarodnyy zhurnal prikladnykh nauk i tekhnologiy Integral = International Journal of Applied Sciences and Technologies Integral. 2021;3(2). [In Russian]. doi:10.24412/2658-3569-2021-10053Овечкина Е.С., Овечкин Ф.Ю. Патофизиология человека в условиях Севера России. Бюл. науки и практ. 2021;7(8):185–191. doi: 10.33619/2414-2948/69/24Ovechkina E.S., Ovechkin F.Yu. Human pathophysiology in the conditions of the Russian North. Byulleten’ nauki i praktiki = Bulletin of Science and Practice. 2021;7(8):185–191. [In Russian]. doi: 10.33619/2414-2948/69/24Горенко И.Н., Типисова Е.В., Попкова В.А., Елфимова А.Э. Соотношение гормонов гипофизарнотиреоидной системы, дофамина и цАМФ у жителей Европейского и Азиатского Севера. Ж. мед.-биол. исслед. 2019;7(2):140–150. doi: 10.17238/issn2542-1298.2019.7.2.140Gorenko I.N., Tipisova E.V., Popkova V.A., Elfimova A.E. The ratio of hormones of the pituitary-thyroid system, dopamine and cAMP in residents of the European and Asian North. Zhurnal mediko-biologicheskikh issledovaniy = Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2019;7(2):140–150. [In Russian]. doi: 10.17238/issn2542-1298.2019.7.2.140Попкова В.А. Кинетика тиреоидных гормонов у работников целлюлозно-бумажной про-мышленности и контрольной группы мужчин г. Архангельска в зависимости от года исследования. Ж. мед.-биол. исслед. 2020;8(3):241–249. doi: 10.37482/2687-1491-Z015Popkova V.A. Kinetics of thyroid hormones in pulp and paper industry workers and a control group of men in Arkhangelsk, depending on the year of study. Zhurnal mediko-biologicheskikh issledovaniy = Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2020;8(3):241–249. [In Russian]. doi: 10.37482/2687-1491-Z015Алексеева С.Н., Антипина У.Д., Слепцова А.В., Портнягина А.П. Анализ гормонального статуса жителей Республики Саха (Якутия) на примере Таттинского и Верхоянского районов. Вестн. СВФУ. Сер.: Мед. науки. 2021;(4):7–14.Alekseeva S.N., Antipina U.D., Sleptsova A.V., Portnyagina A.P. Analysis of the hormonal status of residents of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) using the example of the Tattinsky and Verkhoyansk districts. Vestnik Severo-Vostochnogo federal’nogo universiteta imeni Maksima Kirovicha Ammosova. Seriya: Meditsinskiye nauki = Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University. Series: Medical Sciences. 2021;(4):7–14. [In Russian]. doi: 10.25587/SVFU.2021.25.4.001Наумова А.Р., Платонова З.Н. Психологические факторы заболевания гипотиреозом у жителей Республики Саха (Якутия). Вестн. СВФУ. Сер.: Педагогика. Психология. Философия. 2020;(2):36–43.Naumova A.R., Platonova Z.N. Psychological factors of hypothyroidism in residents of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Vestnik Severo-Vostochnogo federal’nogo universiteta imeni Maksima Kirovicha Ammosova. Seriya: Pedagogika. Psikhologiya. Filosofiya = Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Philosophy. 2020;(2):36–43. [In Russian].Дёмин Д.Б. Эффекты тиреоидных гормонов в развитии нервной системы (обзор). Ж. мед.-биол. исслед. 2018;6(2):115–127. doi: 10.17238/issn2542-1298.2018.6.2.115Demin D.B. Effects of thyroid hormones in the development of the nervous system (review). Zhurnal mediko-biologicheskikh issledovaniy = Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2018;6(2):115–127. [In Russian]. doi: 10.17238/issn2542-1298.2018.6.2.115Hepşen S., Akhanli P., Sencar M.E., Düger H., Bostan H., Kizilgul M., Arslan I.E., Çakal E. Changes in thyroid hormones and free triiodothyronine-to-free thyroxine ratio in euthyroid patients with obesity in terms of different glucose metabolism statuses. Turkish Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2021;25:279–287. doi: 10.25179/tjem.2021-82919Hepşen S., Akhanli P., Sencar M.E., Düger H., Bostan H., Kizilgul M., Arslan I.E., Çakal E. Changes in thyroid hormones and free triiodothyronine-to-free thyroxine ratio in euthyroid patients with obesity in terms of different glucose metabolism statuses. Turkish Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2021;25:279–287. doi: 10.25179/tjem.2021-82919Hughes K., Eastman C. Thyroid disease: Longterm management of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Aust. J. Gen. Pract. 2021;50(1-2):36–42. doi: 10.31128/AJGP-09-20-5653Hughes K., Eastman C. Thyroid disease: Longterm management of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Aust. J. Gen. Pract. 2021;50(1-2):36–42. doi: 10.31128/AJGP-09-20-5653Teixeira R.B., Zimmer A., Guerra Godoy A.E., de Castro A.L., Campos-Carraro C., Belló-Klein A., da Rosa Araujo A.S. Thyroid hormone treatment improved the response to maximum exercise test and preserved the ventricular geometry in myocardial infarcted rats. Exp. Physiol. 2020;105(9):1561–1570. doi: 10.1113/EP088614Teixeira R.B., Zimmer A., Guerra Godoy A.E., de Castro A.L., Campos-Carraro C., Belló-Klein A., da Rosa Araujo A.S. Thyroid hormone treatment improved the response to maximum exercise test and preserved the ventricular geometry in myocardial infarcted rats. Exp. Physiol. 2020;105(9):1561–1570. doi: 10.1113/EP088614Luo G., Li Y., Yao C., Li M., Li J., Zhang X. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in patients with major depressive disorder with anxiety: Mediating role of thyroid hormones and metabolic parameters. J. Affect. Disord. 2023;335(1):298–304. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.008Luo G., Li Y., Yao C., Li M., Li J., Zhang X. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in patients with major depressive disorder with anxiety: Mediating role of thyroid hormones and metabolic parameters. J. Affect. Disord. 2023;335(1):298–304. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.008Городецкая И.В., Гусакова Е.А., Евдокимова О.В. Периферические механизмы стресс-протекторного эффекта йодсодержащих гормонов щитовидной железы. Вестн. ВГМУ. 2016;15(6):41–53. doi: 10.22263/2312-4156.2016.6.41Gorodetskaya I.V., Gusakova E.A., Evdokimova O.V. Peripheral mechanisms of the stress-protective effect of iodine-containing thyroid hormones. Vestnik Vitebskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta = Vestnik of Vitebsk State Medical University. 2016;15(6):41–53. [In Russian]. doi: 10.22263/2312-4156.2016.6.41Гусакова Е.А., Городецкая И.В. Влияние стресса «дефицита времени» на тиреоидный статус и показатели стресс-реакции. Ж. Гродненск. гос. мед. ун-та. 2019;17(1):45–49. doi: 10.25298/2221-8785-2019-17-1-45-49Gusakova E.A., Gorodetskaya I.V. The influence of “time shortage” stress on thyroid status and stress response indicators. Zhurnal Grodnenskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta = Journal of the Grodno State Medical University. 2019;17(1):45–49. [In Russian]. doi: 10.25298/2221-8785-2019-17-1-45-49Гусакова Е.А., Городецкая И.В. Йодсодержащие тиреоидные гормоны ограничивают повреждение слизистой оболочки желудка при стрессе. Гепатология и гастроэнтерология. 2019;3(1):71–76. doi: 10.25298/2616-5546-2019-3-1-71-76Gusakova E.A., Gorodetskaya I.V. Iodine-containing thyroid hormones limit damage to the gastric mucosa during stress. Gepatologiya i gastroenterologiya = Hepatology and Gastroenterology. 2019;3(1):71–76. [In Russian]. doi: 10.25298/2616-5546-2019-3-1-71-76Gałązka J. The potential usage of thyroid hormones as sport doping - a mini-review. Quality in sport. 2022;8(3):61–65. doi: 10.12775/QS.2022.08.03.007Gałązka J. The potential usage of thyroid hormones as sport doping - a mini-review. Quality in sport. 2022;8(3):61–65. doi: 10.12775/QS.2022.08.03.007Bekkering G.E., Agoritsas T., Lytvyn L., Heen A.F., Feller M., Moutzouri E., Abdulazeem H., Aertgeerts B., Beecher D., Brito J.P., … Vermandere M. Thyroid hormones treatment for subclinical hypothyroidism: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2019;365:l2006. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l2006Bekkering G.E., Agoritsas T., Lytvyn L., Heen A.F., Feller M., Moutzouri E., Abdulazeem H., Aertgeerts B., Beecher D., Brito J.P., … Vermandere M. Thyroid hormones treatment for subclinical hypothyroidism: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2019;365:l2006. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l2006Far B.F., Broomand N., Gharedaghi H., Sahrai H., Mahmoudvand G., Karimi Rouzbahani A. Is beta-carotene consumption associated with thyroid hormone levels? Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 2023:14;1089315. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1089315Far B.F., Broomand N., Gharedaghi H., Sahrai H., Mahmoudvand G., Karimi Rouzbahani A. Is beta-carotene consumption associated with thyroid hormone levels? Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 2023:14;1089315. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1089315Stott D.J., Rodondi N., Kearney P.M., Ford I., Westendorp R.G.J., Mooijaart S.P., Sattar N., Aubert C.E., Aujesky D., Bauer D.C., … Gussekloo J. Thyroid hormone therapy for older adults with subclinical hypothyroidism. N. Engl. J. Med. 2017;376(26):2534–2544. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1603825Stott D.J., Rodondi N., Kearney P.M., Ford I., Westendorp R.G.J., Mooijaart S.P., Sattar N., Aubert C.E., Aujesky D., Bauer D.C., … Gussekloo J. Thyroid hormone therapy for older adults with subclinical hypothyroidism. N. Engl. J. Med. 2017;376(26):2534–2544. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1603825Ettleson M.D., Bianco A.C. Individualized therapy for hypothyroidism: is T4 enough for everyone? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2020;105(9):e3090–3104. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa430Ettleson M.D., Bianco A.C. Individualized therapy for hypothyroidism: is T4 enough for everyone? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2020;105(9):e3090–3104. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa430Napolitano G., Fasciolo G., di Meo S., Venditti P. Vitamin E supplementation and mitochondria in experimental and functional hyperthyroidism: a mini-review. Nutrients. 2019;11(12):2900. doi: 10.3390/nu11122900Napolitano G., Fasciolo G., di Meo S., Venditti P. Vitamin E supplementation and mitochondria in experimental and functional hyperthyroidism: a mini-review. Nutrients. 2019;11(12):2900. doi: 10.3390/nu11122900Майорова А.А., Сухов В.А. Изучение влияния элементного статуса территории проживания и внешнего облучения на заболеваемость раком щитовидной железы. Фундаментальные и прикладные исследования по приоритетным направлениям биоэкологии и биотехнологии: сб. тр. V Всерос. конф., 20 мая 2022 г., Ульяновск. 2022. C. 166–169.Mayorova A.A., Sukhov V.A. Study of the influence of the elemental status of the territory of residence and external exposure on the incidence of thyroid cancer. Fundamental and applied research in priority areas of bioecology and biotechnology: proc. conf., May 20, 2022, Ulyanovsk. 2022. P. 166–169. [In Russian].Yang Y., Zhang J., Wu G., Sun J., Wang Y., Guo H., Shi Y., Cheng X., Tang X., Le G. Dietary methionine restriction regulated energy and protein homeostasis by improving thyroid function in high fat diet mice. Food Funct. 2018;9(7):3718–3731. doi: 10.1039/c8fo00685gYang Y., Zhang J., Wu G., Sun J., Wang Y., Guo H., Shi Y., Cheng X., Tang X., Le G. Dietary methionine restriction regulated energy and protein homeostasis by improving thyroid function in high fat diet mice. Food Funct. 2018;9(7):3718–3731. doi: 10.1039/c8fo00685gДемидова Т.Ю., Скуридина Д.В., Кочина А.С. Влияние физической активности на пролактин и гормоны щитовидной железы. Академия медицины и спорта. 2021;2(3):25–29. doi: 10.15829/2712-7567-2021-34Demidova T.Yu., Skuridina D.V., Kochina A.S. The effect of physical activity on prolactin and thyroid hormones. Akademiya meditsiny i sporta = Academy of Medicine and Sports. 2021;2(3):25–29. [In Russian]. doi: 10.15829/2712-7567-2021-34Marschner R.A., Banda P., Wajner S.M., Markoski M.M., Schaun M., Lehnen A.M. Short-term exercise training improves cardiac function associated to a better antioxidant response and lower type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase activity after myocardial infarction. PLoS One. 2019;14(9):e0222334. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222334Marschner R.A., Banda P., Wajner S.M., Markoski M.M., Schaun M., Lehnen A.M. Short-term exercise training improves cardiac function associated to a better antioxidant response and lower type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase activity after myocardial infarction. PLoS One. 2019;14(9):e0222334. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222334

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.