sibmedСибирский научный медицинский журналСибирский научный медицинский журнал2410-25122410-2520ИЦиГ СО РАН10.18699/SSMJ20230506sibmed-1238Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSНейроморфологические основы сенсомоторных реакцийNeuromorphological bases of sensorimotor reactionshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9267-5800КриштопВ. В.СhrishtopV. V.

к.м.н.

19504, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Лесопарковая, 4

сandidate of medical sciences

195043, Saint Petersburg, Lesoparkovaya st., 4

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9453-4262НиконороваВ. Г.NikonorovaV. G.

19504, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Лесопарковая, 4

195043, Saint Petersburg, Lesoparkovaya st., 4

bgnikon@gmail.comГосударственный научно-исследовательский испытательный институт военной медицины Минобороны РоссииРоссияState Research Test Institute of Military Medicine of Minoborony of RussiaRussian Federation2023271020234356273Copyright © Криштоп В.В., Никонорова В.Г., 20232023Криштоп В.В., Никонорова В.Г.Сhrishtop V.V., Nikonorova V.G.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://sibmed.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1238

Сенсомоторная деятельность – типичная форма целенаправленного функционирования человека, играющая значимую роль в работе силовых структур. Исследования ее особенностей широко распространены во всех сферах военной медицины. Цель работы – на основании литературных данных систематизировать компоненты и принципы организации структурно-функциональных элементов центральной нервной системы, обеспечивающих сенсомоторные реакции. Получены результаты о сочетании соматотопического устройства и иерархического принципа организации сенсомоторных цепей, согласно которому выделяют три уровня – медуллярный, подкорковый и корковый. Сенсорные сигналы как можно раньше преобразуются в явные моторные сигналы и в последующем на каждом из вышеуказанных уровней подвергаются модулирующим влияниям со стороны памяти, внимания и других нейрофизиологических процессов. Таким образом, сенсорную и моторную обработку информации следует рассматривать как результат работы не изолированных нейронных цепей, а обширных и тесно взаимосвязанных сетей, охватывающих кору головного мозга и подкорковые структуры, в единстве с другими нейрофизиологическими феноменами, такими как память и внимание. Нейроморфологические основы организации сенсомоторных реакций необходимо учитывать при разработке комплекса мероприятий профессионального отбора, подготовки, фармакологической коррекции боевых состояний и при лечении постравматического синдрома у работников силовых структур.

Sensory motor activity is a typical form of purposeful human functioning that plays a significant role in the work of power structures. Its research is widespread in all spheres of military medicine. The aim of the study is to systematize the components and principles of organization of structural and functional elements of the central nervous system providing sensorimotor reactions based on the literature data. We obtained results on the combination of the somatotopic arrangement and the hierarchical principle of organization of sensorimotor circuits, according to which three levels are distinguished - medullary, subcortical and cortical. Sensory signals are converted into explicit motor signals as early as possible, and are subsequently subjected to modulating influences from memory, attention, and other neurophysiological processes at each of the above levels. Thus, sensory and motor information processing should not be regarded as the result of isolated neural circuits, but as extensive and closely interconnected networks covering the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures, in unity with other neurophysiological phenomena, such as memory and attention. The neuromorphological basis for the organization of sensorimotor reactions should be considered when developing a set of measures for professional selection, training, pharmacological correction of combat conditions and treatment of posttraumatic syndrome in employees of power structures.

сенсомоторная реакциянейронные сетикора головного мозгаподкорковые структуры головного мозгаsensorimotor responseneural networkscortexsubcortical structures of the brainReferencesИльин Е.П. Психомоторная организация человека. СПб.: Питер, 2003. 384 с.Ilyin E.P. Psychomotor organization of the person. Saint-Petersburg: Piter, 2003. 384 p. [In Russian].Machado S., Cunha M., Portella C.E., Silva J.G., Velasques B., Bastos V.H., Basile L., Cagy M., Piedade R.A., Ribeiro P. Participación de la corteza parietooccipital en el proceso de integración sensoriomotora: studio electroencefalográfco. Rev. Neurol. 2008;47(3):146–149.Machado S., Cunha M., Portella C.E., Silva J.G., Velasques B., Bastos V.H., Basile L., Cagy M., Piedade R.A., Ribeiro P. Participación de la corteza parietooccipital en el proceso de integración sensoriomotora: studio electroencefalográfco. Rev. Neurol. 2008;47(3):146–149.Machado D., Bastos V.H., Cunha M., Velasques B., Machado S., Basile L., Cagy M., Piedade R., Ribeiro P. Efectos del bromacepam en el desarrollo de una actividad sensoriomotora: un estudio electroencefalográfco. Rev. Neurol. 2009;49(6):295–299.Machado D., Bastos V.H., Cunha M., Velasques B., Machado S., Basile L., Cagy M., Piedade R., Ribeiro P. Efectos del bromacepam en el desarrollo de una actividad sensoriomotora: un estudio electroencefalográfco. Rev. Neurol. 2009;49(6):295–299.Федер А.Л., Султанов А.Э., Новиков Е.А., Мещеряков С.Е. Повышая объективность оценки инновационные подходы при подготовке высококвалифицированных военных кадров ВКС. Вестник военного образования. 2022;(4):91–95.Feder A.L., Sultanov A.E., Novikov E.A., Mescheryakov S.E. Increasing objectivity of the evaluation of innovative approaches to the training highly qualified military personnel of the VKS. Vestnik voyennogo obrazovaniya= Bulletin of Military Education. 2022;(4):91–95. [In Russian].Monfls M.H., Plautz E.J., Kleim J.A. In search of the motor engram: motor map plasticity as a mechanism for encoding motor experience. Neuroscientist. 2005;11(5):471–483. doi: 10.1177/1073858405278015Monfls M.H., Plautz E.J., Kleim J.A. In search of the motor engram: motor map plasticity as a mechanism for encoding motor experience. Neuroscientist. 2005;11(5):471–483. doi: 10.1177/1073858405278015Bizzi E., Tresch M.C., Saltiel P., d’Avella A. New perspectives on spinal motor systems. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2000;1(2):101–108. doi: 10.1038/35039000Bizzi E., Tresch M.C., Saltiel P., d’Avella A. New perspectives on spinal motor systems. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2000;1(2):101–108. doi: 10.1038/35039000Субботина С.Н., Юдин М.А., Парфенова А.А., Кряжевских А.А., Орлова А.Б. Влияние нейропептидов – дельта-сон-индуцирующего пептида, кисспептина-10 и РТ-141 – на половое поведение самцов крыс. Биомедицина. 2021;17(1):43–56. doi: 10.33647/2074-5982-17-1-43-56Subbotina S.N., Yudin M.A., Parfenova A.A., Kryazhevskikh A.A., Orlova A.B. Effects of deltasleep-inducing, kisspeptin-10 and PT-141 neuropeptides on sexual behaviour in male rats. Biomeditsina = Biomedicine. 2021;17(1):43–56. [In Russian]. doi: 10.33647/2074-5982-17-1-43-56Forbes P.A., Chen A., Blouin J.S. Sensorimotor control of standing balance. Handb. Clin. Neurol. 2018;159:61–83. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-639165.00004-5Forbes P.A., Chen A., Blouin J.S. Sensorimotor control of standing balance. Handb. Clin. Neurol. 2018;159:61–83. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-639165.00004-5Wolpert D.M., Flanagan J.R. Motor prediction. Curr. Biol. 2001;11(18):R729–732. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00432-8Wolpert D.M., Flanagan J.R. Motor prediction. Curr. Biol. 2001;11(18):R729–732. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00432-8Imamizu H., Miyauchi S., Tamada T., Sasaki Y., Takino R., Pütz B., Yoshioka T., Kawato M. Human cerebellar activity reflecting an acquired internal model of a new tool. Nature. 2000;403(6766):192–195. doi: 10.1038/35003194Imamizu H., Miyauchi S., Tamada T., Sasaki Y., Takino R., Pütz B., Yoshioka T., Kawato M. Human cerebellar activity reflecting an acquired internal model of a new tool. Nature. 2000;403(6766):192–195. doi: 10.1038/35003194Chrishtop V.V., Nikonorova V.G., Gutsalova A.A., Rumyantseva T., Dukhinova M., Salmina А. Systematic comparison of basic animal models of cerebral hypoperfusion. Tissue Cell. 2022;75:101715. doi 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101715Chrishtop V.V., Nikonorova V.G., Gutsalova A.A., Rumyantseva T., Dukhinova M., Salmina А. Systematic comparison of basic animal models of cerebral hypoperfusion. Tissue Cell. 2022;75:101715. doi 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101715Machado S., Cunha M., Velasques B., Minc D., Teixeira S., Domingues C.A., Silva J.G., Bastos V.H., Budde H., Cagy M., Basile L., Piedade R., Ribeiro P. Sensorimotor integration: basic concepts, abnormalities related to movement disorders and sensorimotor training. induced cortical reorganization. Rev. Neurol. 2010;51(7):427–436.Machado S., Cunha M., Velasques B., Minc D., Teixeira S., Domingues C.A., Silva J.G., Bastos V.H., Budde H., Cagy M., Basile L., Piedade R., Ribeiro P. Sensorimotor integration: basic concepts, abnormalities related to movement disorders and sensorimotor training. induced cortical reorganization. Rev. Neurol. 2010;51(7):427–436.Криштоп В.В., Никонорова В.Г., Румянцева Т.А. Изменения клеточного состава коры головного мозга у крыс с разным уровнем когнитивных функций при церебральной гипоперфузии. Ж. анатомии и гистопатол. 2019;8(4):22–29. doi: 10.18499/2225-7357-2019-8-4-22-29Chrishtop V.V., Nikonorova V.G., Rumyantseva T.A. Changes in cellular composition of cerebral cortex in rats with different levels of cognitive functions during cerebral hypoperfusion. Zhurnal anatomii i gistopatologii = Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology. 2019;8(4):22–29. [In Russian]. doi: 10.18499/22257357-2019-8-4-22-29Нехорошкова А.Н., Грибанов А.В., Депутат И.С. Сенсомоторные реакции в психологических исследованиях (обзор). Вестн. Сев. (Аркт.) федер. ун-та. Сер. Мед-биол. н. 2015;18(5):38–48.Nekhoroshkova A.N., Gribanov A.V., Deputat I.S. Sensomotor reactions in psychological research (review). Vestnik Severnogo (Arkticheskogo) federal’nogo universiteta. Seriya: Mediko-biologicheskiye nauki = Bulletin of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series: Biomedical Sciences. 2015;18(5):38–48. [In Russian].Федотов А.Ю., Копылов В.В., Семенов Ю.Н. Психологическая готовность сотрудников полиции РФ к ведению ближнего стрелкового боя. Вестник Московского университета МВД России. 2022;(2):324–330. doi: 10.24412/2073-0454-2022-2324-330Fedotov A.Yu., Kopylov V.V., Semenov Yu.N. Psychological readiness of russian police employees for close fire combat. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta MVD Rossii = Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2022;(2):324– 330. [In Russian]. doi: 10.24412/2073-0454-2022-2324-330Благинин А.А., Синельников С.Н., Трофименко С.В. На страже профессионального здоровья. Вестник военного образования. 2022;(1):96–99.Blaginin A.A., Sinelnikov S.N., Trofimenko S.V. On guard of professional health flight safety issues in the training of an aviation doctor. Vestnik voyennogo obrazovaniya= Bulletin of Military Education. 2022;(1):96–99. [In Russian].Михалев А.В. Развитие психических качеств и сенсомоторных навыков в профессиональной подготовке операторов беспилотных авиационных комплексов. Научные труды Республиканского института высшей школы. Исторические и психолого-педагогические науки. 2021;(21-4):267– 276.Mikhalev A.V. Development of mental qualitiy and sensorimotor skills in professional training of operators of unmanned aircraft complexes. Nauchnyye trudy Respublikanskogo instituta vysshey shkoly. Istoricheskiye i psikhologo-pedagogicheskiye nauki = Scientific works of the Republican Institute of Higher Education. historical and psychological-pedagogical sciences. 2021;(21-4):267–276. [In Russian].Ананьев Б.Г. Психологическая структура человека как субъекта. Человек и общество. 1967;(2):241–242.Ananyev B.G. Psychological structure of the person as a subject. Chelovek i obshchestvo = Man and Society. 1967;(2):241–242. [In Russian].Бернштейн Н.А. Очерки по физиологии движений и физиологии активации. М.: Медицина, 1966. 349 c.Bernshtein N.A. Essays on physiology of movements and physiology of activation. Moscow: Medicine, 1966. 349 p. [In Russian].Коробейникова И.И. Параметры сенсомоторной реакции, психофизиологические характеристики, успеваемость и показатели ЭЭГ человека. Психол. ж. 2000;(3):132–136.Korobeinikova I.I. The correlation of reaction timers properties with psychophysiological characteristics, academic achievement and EEG indices in humans. Psikhologicheskiy zhurnal = Psychological Journal. 2000;(3):132–136. [In Russian].Юдин М.А., Быков В.Н., Никифоров А.С., Курпякова А.Ф., Субботина С.Н., Иванов И.М., Тюнин М.А., Фатеев И.В., Венгерович Н.Г. Исследование переносимости блокаторов центральных мускариновых рецепторов. Эксперим. и клин. фармакол. 2013;76(11):19–22.Yudin M.A., Bykov V.N., Nikiforov A.S., Kurpyakova A.F., Subbotina S.N., Ivanov I.M., Tyunin M.A., Fateev I.V., Vengerovich N.G. Study of tolerance of central muscarinic receptor blockers. Eksperimental’naya i klinicheskaya farmakologiya = Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. 2013;76(11):19–22. [In Russian].Хасанов А. Быстрота двигательной реакции и ее влияние на точность при стрельбе из боевого оружия. Здоровье человека, теория и методика физической культуры и спорта. 2022;(4):102–112.Khasanov A. Motor reaction speed and its influence on accuracy in shooting from combat weapons. Zdorov’e cheloveka, teoriya i metodika fizicheskoy kul’tury i sporta = Human Health, Theory and Methodology of Physical Culture and Sports. 2022;(4):102– 112.. [In Russian].Судаков К.В. Рефлексы и функциональная система. Новгород: НовГУ, 1997. 399 с. Sudakov K.V. Reflexes and functional systems. Novgorod: NovGU, 1997. 399 р. [In Russian].Sudakov K.V. Reflexes and functional systems. Novgorod: NovGU, 1997. 399 р. [In Russian].Грибанов А.В., Канжин А.В., Подоплекин Д.Н. Очерки сенсомоторной деятельности ребенка с СДВГ. Архангельск: Помор. ун-т, 2006. 115 p.Gribanov A.V., Kanzhin A.V., Podoplyokin D.N. Sketches of sensorimotor activity of a child with ADHD. Arkhangelsk, 2006. 115 p. [In Russian].Голубева Э.А. Индивидуальные особенности памяти человека: психофизиологические исследования. М.: Педагогика, 1980. 152 с.Golubeva E.A. Individual peculiarities of human memory: psychophysiological research. Moscow: Pedagogy, 1980. 152 p. [In Russian].Макаренко Н.В., Вороновская В.И., Ковтун Т.В., Панченко В.М. Электроэнцефалографические корреляты временных характеристик простых сенсомоторных реакций у людей с различными уровнями функциональной подвижности нервных процессов. Физиол. человека. 1992;18(3):33–41.Makarenko N.V., Voronovskaya V.I., Kovtun T.V., Panchenko V.M. Electroencephalographic correlates of temporal characteristics of simple sensorimotor reactions in people with different levels of functional mobility of nervous processes. Fiziologiya cheloveka = Human Physiology. 1992;18(3):33–41. [In Russian].Горожанин В.С. Свойства нервной системы, вызванные потенциалы и гормоны плазмы крови. Психол. ж. 1987;8(6): 57–68.Gorozhanin V.S. Properties of the nervous system, evoked potentials and blood plasma hormones. Psikhologicheskiy zhurnal = Psychological Journal. 1987;8(6): 57–68. [In Russian].Канжин А.В., Грибанов А.В. Особенности зрительно-моторных реакций у детей-северян при синдроме дефицита внимания с гиперактивностью. Экол. человека. 2005;(5):14–16.Kanzhin A.V., Gribanov A.V. Features of visualmotor reactons in northern children by the syndrome of attention deficiency with hyperactivity. Ekologiya cheloveka = Human Ecology. 2005;(5):14–16. [In Russian].Ловцов Д.А., Карпов Д.С., Раковенко А.А. Достоверная биометрическая идентификация в автоматизированных системах контроля доступа. Правовая информатика. 2021;(2):48–58. doi: 10.21681/1994-1404-2021-2-48-58Lovtsov D.A., Karpov D.S., Rakovenko A.A. Reliable biometric identification in automated access control systems. Pravovaya informatika = Legal Informatics. 2021;(2):48–58. [In Russian]. doi: 10.21681/19941404-2021-2-48-58Зайцев А.В., Лупандин В.И., Сурнина О.Е. Возрастная динамика времени реакции на зрительные стимулы. Физиол. человека. 1999;25(6):34–37.Zaitsev A.V., Lupandin V.I., Surnina O.E. Age dynamics of reaction time on visual stimuli. Fiziologiya cheloveka = Human Physiology. 1999;25(6):34–37. [In Russian].Коновалов Е.А., Козырева Е.С., Калтыгин М.В., Фатеев И.В. Психологические особенности операторов-манипуляторов, проходящих профессиональную подготовку на тренажереимитаторе транспортно заряжающей машины реактивной системы залпового огня. Прикладные вопросы военной медицины: сб. тр. конф. СанктПетербург, 22–23 сентября 2021 г. СПб., 2021. C. 120–124.Konovalov E.A., Kozyreva E.S., Kaltygin M.V., Fateev I.V. Psychological make-up of operators-manipulators doing apprenticeship in a simulator of a multiple rocket system transporter loader. Applied Problems of Military Medicine: proc. conf., St. Petersburg, September 22–23, 2021. Saint-Petersburg, 2021. P. 120–124. [In Russian].Ржепецкая М.К., Гринчук С.С., Щукина Н.А. Выполнение операторской деятельности в зависимости от индивидуального индекса сенсомоторной асимметрии. Изв. Рос. воен.-мед. акад. 2019;38(3): 202–206.Rzhepetskaya M.K., Grinchuk S.S., Shchukina N.A Performance of operating activity depending on the individual sensomotor asymmetry index. Izvestiya Rossiyskoy voyenno-meditsinskoy akademii = Russian Military Medical Academy Reports. 2019;38(3): 202–206. [In Russian].Грибанов А.В., Канжин А.В., Иорданова Ю.А., Депутат И.С. Особенности поведенческого реагирования и сенсомоторной организации у детей с синдромом дефицита внимания с гиперактивностью. Экол. человека. 2008;(4):28–32.Gribanov A.V., Kanzhin A.V., Jordanova Yu.A., Deputat I.S. Features of behavioral reaction and sensorimotor organization in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Ekologiya cheloveka = Human Ecology. 2008;(4):28–32. [In Russian].Нехорошкова А.Н., Грибанов А.В. Особенности зрительно-моторных реакций детей 8–11 лет с высоким уровнем тревожности. Экол. человека. 2011;(5):43–48.Nekhoroshkova A.N., Gribanov A.V. Features of visual-motor reactions of children 8–11 years old with a high level of anxiety. Ekologiya cheloveka = Human Ecology. 2011;(5):43–48. [In Russian].Айдаркин Е.К. Исследование особенностей взаимодействия зрительной и слуховой систем в условиях сенсомоторной интеграции. Проблемы нейрокибернетики: сб. тр. конф. Ростов-на-Дону, 27–30 сентября 2005 г. Ростов-на-Дону: ЦВВР, 2005. C. 125–128.Aydarkin E.K. Research of features of interaction of visual and auditory systems in conditions of sensorimotor integration. Problems of Neurocybernetics: proc. conf., Rostov-on-Don, September 27–30, 2005. Rostov-on-Don, 2005. P. 125–128. [In Russian].Gold J.I., Shadlen M.N. The neural basis of decision-making. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2007;30:535–574. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113038Gold J.I., Shadlen M.N. The neural basis of decision-making. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2007;30:535–574. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113038Brunton B.W., Botvinick M.M., Brody C.D. Rats and humans can optimally accumulate evidence for decision-making. Science. 2013;340(6128):95–98. doi: 10.1126/science.1233912Brunton B.W., Botvinick M.M., Brody C.D. Rats and humans can optimally accumulate evidence for decision-making. Science. 2013;340(6128):95–98. doi: 10.1126/science.1233912Raposo D., Kaufman M.T., Churchland A.K. A category-free neural population supports evolving demands during decision-making. Nat. Neurosci. 2014;17(12):1784–1792. doi: 10.1038/nn.3865Raposo D., Kaufman M.T., Churchland A.K. A category-free neural population supports evolving demands during decision-making. Nat. Neurosci. 2014;17(12):1784–1792. doi: 10.1038/nn.3865Marques T., Summers M.T., Fioreze G., Fridman M., Dias R.F., Feller M.B., Petreanu L. A role for mouse primary visual cortex in motion perception. Curr. Biol. 2018;28(11):1703–1713. doi: 10.1016/j. cub.2018.04.012Marques T., Summers M.T., Fioreze G., Fridman M., Dias R.F., Feller M.B., Petreanu L. A role for mouse primary visual cortex in motion perception. Curr. Biol. 2018;28(11):1703–1713. doi: 10.1016/j. cub.2018.04.012Pinto L., Koay S.A., Engelhard B., Yoon A.M., Deverett B., Thiberge S.Y., Witten I.B., Tank D.W., Tank D.W., Brody C.D. An accumulation-of-evidence task using visual pulses for mice navigating in virtual reality. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 2018;12:36. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00036Pinto L., Koay S.A., Engelhard B., Yoon A.M., Deverett B., Thiberge S.Y., Witten I.B., Tank D.W., Tank D.W., Brody C.D. An accumulation-of-evidence task using visual pulses for mice navigating in virtual reality. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 2018;12:36. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00036Hanks T.D., Kopec C.D., Brunton B.W., Duan C.A., Erlich J.C., Brody C.D. Distinct relationships of parietal and prefrontal cortices to evidence accumulation. Nature. 2015;520(7546):220–223. doi: 10.1038/nature14066Hanks T.D., Kopec C.D., Brunton B.W., Duan C.A., Erlich J.C., Brody C.D. Distinct relationships of parietal and prefrontal cortices to evidence accumulation. Nature. 2015;520(7546):220–223. doi: 10.1038/nature14066Redgrave P., Prescott T.J., Gurney K. The basal ganglia: a vertebrate solution to the selection problem? Neuroscience. 1999;89(4):1009–1023. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00319-4Redgrave P., Prescott T.J., Gurney K. The basal ganglia: a vertebrate solution to the selection problem? Neuroscience. 1999;89(4):1009–1023. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00319-4Ding L., Gold J.I. The basal ganglia’s contributions to perceptual decision making. Neuron. 2013;79(4):640–649. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.042Ding L., Gold J.I. The basal ganglia’s contributions to perceptual decision making. Neuron. 2013;79(4):640–649. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.042Yartsev M.M., Hanks T.D., Yoon A.M., Brody C.D. Causal contribution and dynamical encoding in the striatum during evidence accumulation. bioRxiv. 2018;7:e34929. doi: 10.7554/eLife.34929Yartsev M.M., Hanks T.D., Yoon A.M., Brody C.D. Causal contribution and dynamical encoding in the striatum during evidence accumulation. bioRxiv. 2018;7:e34929. doi: 10.7554/eLife.34929de Kloet E.R. From receptor balance to rational glucocorticoid therapy. Endocrinology. 2014;155(8):2754–2769. doi: 10.1210/en.2014-1048de Kloet E.R. From receptor balance to rational glucocorticoid therapy. Endocrinology. 2014;155(8):2754–2769. doi: 10.1210/en.2014-1048Цейликман В.Э., Шевелев О.Б., Хоцкин Н.В., Доценко А.С., Концевая Г.В., Лапшин М.С., Мошкин М.П., Комелькова М.В., Фекличева И.В., Цейликман О.Б., Дременков И.В., Завьялов Е.Л. Магнитно-резонансная спектроскопия нейрометаболитов гиппокампа и стриатума при синдроме посттравматических стрессорных расстройств. Вавил. ж. генет. и селекции. 2017;21(7):783–787. doi 10.18699/VJ17.293Tseylikman V.E., Shevelev O.B., Khotskin N.V., Dotsenko A.S., Kontsevaya G.V., Lapshin M.S., Moshkin M.P., Komelkova M.V., Feklicheva I.V., Tseylikman O.B., Dremenkov I.V., Zavyalov E.L. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hippocampal and striatal neurometabolites in experimental PTSD rat modeling. Vavilovskiy zhurnal genetiki i selektsii = Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2017;21(7):783–787. [In Russian]. doi 10.18699/VJ17.293Graybiel A.M. Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci. 1990;13(7):244–254. doi: 10.1016/01662236(90)90104-iGraybiel A.M. Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci. 1990;13(7):244–254. doi: 10.1016/01662236(90)90104-iFriedman A., Homma D., Gibb L.G., Amemori K., Rubin S.J., Hood A.S., Riad M.H., Graybiel A.M. A corticostriatal path targeting striosomes controls decision-making under conflict. Cell. 2015;161(6):1320– 1333. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.049Friedman A., Homma D., Gibb L.G., Amemori K., Rubin S.J., Hood A.S., Riad M.H., Graybiel A.M. A corticostriatal path targeting striosomes controls decision-making under conflict. Cell. 2015;161(6):1320– 1333. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.049Bloem B., Huda R., Sur M., Graybiel A.M. Two-photon imaging in mice shows striosomes and matrix have overlapping but differential reinforcement-related responses. Elife. 2017;6:e32353. doi: 10.7554/eLife.32353Bloem B., Huda R., Sur M., Graybiel A.M. Two-photon imaging in mice shows striosomes and matrix have overlapping but differential reinforcement-related responses. Elife. 2017;6:e32353. doi: 10.7554/eLife.32353Wang L., Krauzlis R.J. Visual selective attention in mice. Curr. Biol. 2018;28(5):676–685. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.038Wang L., Krauzlis R.J. Visual selective attention in mice. Curr. Biol. 2018;28(5):676–685. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.038Carrasco M. Visual attention: the past 25 years. Vision. Res. 2011;51(13):1484–1525. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2011.04.012Carrasco M. Visual attention: the past 25 years. Vision. Res. 2011;51(13):1484–1525. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2011.04.012Desimone R., Duncan J. Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1995;18:193–222. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.001205Desimone R., Duncan J. Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1995;18:193–222. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.001205Treue S. Neural correlates of attention in primate visual cortex. Trends Neurosci. 2001:24(5);295– 300. doi: 10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01814-2Treue S. Neural correlates of attention in primate visual cortex. Trends Neurosci. 2001:24(5);295– 300. doi: 10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01814-2Maunsell J.H., Cook E.P. The role of attention in visual processing. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2002;357(1424):1063–1072. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2002.1107Maunsell J.H., Cook E.P. The role of attention in visual processing. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2002;357(1424):1063–1072. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2002.1107Reynolds J.H., Chelazzi L. Attentional modulation of visual processing. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2004;27:611–647. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131039Reynolds J.H., Chelazzi L. Attentional modulation of visual processing. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2004;27:611–647. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131039Moore T., Zirnsak M. Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2017;68:47– 72. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033400Moore T., Zirnsak M. Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2017;68:47– 72. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033400Paneri S., Gregoriou G.G. Top-down control of visual attention by the prefrontal cortex. Functional specialization and long-range interactions. Front. Neurosci. 2017;11:545. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00545Paneri S., Gregoriou G.G. Top-down control of visual attention by the prefrontal cortex. Functional specialization and long-range interactions. Front. Neurosci. 2017;11:545. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00545White C.N., Mumford J.A., Poldrack R.A. Perceptual criteria in the human brain. J. Neurosci. 2012;32(47):16716–16724. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1744-12.2012White C.N., Mumford J.A., Poldrack R.A. Perceptual criteria in the human brain. J. Neurosci. 2012;32(47):16716–16724. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1744-12.2012Luo T.Z., Maunsell J.H. Neuronal modulations in visual cortex are associated with only one of multiple components of attention. Neuron. 2015;86(5):1182– 1188. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.007Luo T.Z., Maunsell J.H. Neuronal modulations in visual cortex are associated with only one of multiple components of attention. Neuron. 2015;86(5):1182– 1188. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.007Banerjee S., Grover S., Ganesh S., Sridharan D. Sensory and decisional components of end ogenous attention are dissociable. J. Neurophysiol. 2019;122(4):1538–1554. doi: 10.1152/jn.00257.2019Banerjee S., Grover S., Ganesh S., Sridharan D. Sensory and decisional components of end ogenous attention are dissociable. J. Neurophysiol. 2019;122(4):1538–1554. doi: 10.1152/jn.00257.2019Sridharan D., Steinmetz N.A., Moore T., Knudsen E.I. Does the superior colliculus control perceptual sensitivity or choice bias during attention? Evidence from a multialternative decision framework. J. Neurosci. 2017;37(3):480–511. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4505-14.2017Sridharan D., Steinmetz N.A., Moore T., Knudsen E.I. Does the superior colliculus control perceptual sensitivity or choice bias during attention? Evidence from a multialternative decision framework. J. Neurosci. 2017;37(3):480–511. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4505-14.2017Luo T.Z., Maunsell J.H.R. Attentional changes in either criterion or sensitivity are associated with robust modulations in lateral prefrontal cortex. Neuron. 2018;97(6):1382–1393.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.02.007Luo T.Z., Maunsell J.H.R. Attentional changes in either criterion or sensitivity are associated with robust modulations in lateral prefrontal cortex. Neuron. 2018;97(6):1382–1393.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.02.007Crapse T.B., Lau H., Basso M.A. A role for the superior colliculus in decision criteria. Neuron. 2018;97(1):181–194.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.12.006Crapse T.B., Lau H., Basso M.A. A role for the superior colliculus in decision criteria. Neuron. 2018;97(1):181–194.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.12.006Cavanaugh J., Wurtz R.H. Subcortical modulation of attention counters change blindness. J. Neurosci. 2004;24(50):11236–11243. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3724-04.2004Cavanaugh J., Wurtz R.H. Subcortical modulation of attention counters change blindness. J. Neurosci. 2004;24(50):11236–11243. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3724-04.2004Muller J.R., Philiastides M.G., Newsome W.T. Microstimulation of the superior colliculus focuses attention without moving the eyes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2005;102(3):524–529. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0408311101Muller J.R., Philiastides M.G., Newsome W.T. Microstimulation of the superior colliculus focuses attention without moving the eyes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2005;102(3):524–529. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0408311101Lovejoy L.P., Krauzlis R.J. Inactivation of primate superior colliculus impairs covert selection of signals for perceptual judgments. Nat. Neurosci. 2009;13(2):261–266. doi: 10.1038/nn.2470Lovejoy L.P., Krauzlis R.J. Inactivation of primate superior colliculus impairs covert selection of signals for perceptual judgments. Nat. Neurosci. 2009;13(2):261–266. doi: 10.1038/nn.2470Zenon A., Krauzlis R.J. Attention deficits without cortical neuronal deficits. Nature. 2012;489(7416):489–434. doi: 10.1038/nature11497Zenon A., Krauzlis R.J. Attention deficits without cortical neuronal deficits. Nature. 2012;489(7416):489–434. doi: 10.1038/nature11497Moore T., Fallah M. Control of eye movements and spatial attention. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2001;98(3):1273–1276. doi: 10.1073/pnas.98.3.1273Moore T., Fallah M. Control of eye movements and spatial attention. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2001;98(3):1273–1276. doi: 10.1073/pnas.98.3.1273Wardak C., Ibos G., Duhamel J.R., Olivier E. Contribution of the monkey frontal eye field to covert visual attention. J. Neurosci. 2006;26(16):4228–4235. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3336-05.2006Wardak C., Ibos G., Duhamel J.R., Olivier E. Contribution of the monkey frontal eye field to covert visual attention. J. Neurosci. 2006;26(16):4228–4235. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3336-05.2006Zikopoulos B., Barbas H. Prefrontal projections to the thalamic reticular nucleus form a unique circuit for attentional mechanisms. J. Neurosci. 2006;26(28):7348–7361. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5511-05.2006Zikopoulos B., Barbas H. Prefrontal projections to the thalamic reticular nucleus form a unique circuit for attentional mechanisms. J. Neurosci. 2006;26(28):7348–7361. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5511-05.2006Barbas H., Zikopoulos B. The prefrontal cortex and flexible behavior. Neuroscientist. 2007;13(2):532– 545. doi: 10.1177/1073858407301369Barbas H., Zikopoulos B. The prefrontal cortex and flexible behavior. Neuroscientist. 2007;13(2):532– 545. doi: 10.1177/1073858407301369Monosov I.E., Thompson K.G. Frontal eye field activity enhances object identification during covert visual search. J. Neurophysiol. 2009;102(6):3656–3672. doi: 10.1152/jn.00750.2009Monosov I.E., Thompson K.G. Frontal eye field activity enhances object identification during covert visual search. J. Neurophysiol. 2009;102(6):3656–3672. doi: 10.1152/jn.00750.2009Исполатова Е.Н., Цукарзи Э.Э. Посттравматическое стрессовое расстройство: морфологические субстраты, нейроннные сети и перспективы применения транскраниальной магнитной стимуляции. Современная терапия психических расстройств. 2022;(3):45–49. doi: 10.21265/PSYPH.2022.78.73.005Ispolatova E.N., Tsukarzi E.E. Post-traumatic stress disorder: morphological substrates, neural networks transcranial magnetic stimulation potential benefits. Sovremennaya terapiya psikhicheskikh rasstroystv = Modern Therapy of Mental Disorders. 2022;(3):45–49. [In Russian]. doi: 10.21265/PSYPH.2022.78.73.005Leanne W., Coman J.T., Stetz P.C., Walker N.C., Kozel F.A., George M.S., Yoon J., Hack L.M., Madore M.R., Lim K.O., Philip N.S., Holtzheimer P.E. Identifying response and predictive biomarkers for Transcranial magnetic stimulation outcomes: protocol and rationale for a mechanistic study of functional neuroimaging and behavioral biomarkers in veterans with pharmacoresistant depression. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):35. doi: 10.1186/s12888-020-03030-zLeanne W., Coman J.T., Stetz P.C., Walker N.C., Kozel F.A., George M.S., Yoon J., Hack L.M., Madore M.R., Lim K.O., Philip N.S., Holtzheimer P.E. Identifying response and predictive biomarkers for Transcranial magnetic stimulation outcomes: protocol and rationale for a mechanistic study of functional neuroimaging and behavioral biomarkers in veterans with pharmacoresistant depression. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):35. doi: 10.1186/s12888-020-03030-zSquire R.F., Noudoost B., Schafer R.J., Moore T. Prefrontal contributions to visual selective attention. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2013;36:451–466. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150439Squire R.F., Noudoost B., Schafer R.J., Moore T. Prefrontal contributions to visual selective attention. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2013;36:451–466. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150439Gregoriou G.G., Rossi A.F., Ungerleider L.G., Desimone R. Lesions of prefrontal cortex reduce attentional modulation of neuronal responses and synchrony in V4. Nat. Neurosci. 2014;17(7):1003–1011. doi: 10.1038/nn.3742Gregoriou G.G., Rossi A.F., Ungerleider L.G., Desimone R. Lesions of prefrontal cortex reduce attentional modulation of neuronal responses and synchrony in V4. Nat. Neurosci. 2014;17(7):1003–1011. doi: 10.1038/nn.3742Baruni J.K., Lau B., Salzman C.D. Reward expectation differentially modulates attentional behavior and activity in visual area V4. Nat. Neurosci. 2015;18(11):1656–1663. doi: 10.1038/nn.4141Baruni J.K., Lau B., Salzman C.D. Reward expectation differentially modulates attentional behavior and activity in visual area V4. Nat. Neurosci. 2015;18(11):1656–1663. doi: 10.1038/nn.4141Miller E.K., Cohen J.D. An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2001;24:167–202. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167Miller E.K., Cohen J.D. An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2001;24:167–202. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167Pouget P., Stepniewska I., Crowder E.A., Leslie M.W., Emeric E.E., Nelson M.J., Schall J.D. Visual and motor connectivity and the distribution of calcium-binding proteins in macaque frontal eye field: implications for saccade target selection. Front. Neuroanat. 2009;3:2. doi: 10.3389/neuro.05.002.2009Pouget P., Stepniewska I., Crowder E.A., Leslie M.W., Emeric E.E., Nelson M.J., Schall J.D. Visual and motor connectivity and the distribution of calcium-binding proteins in macaque frontal eye field: implications for saccade target selection. Front. Neuroanat. 2009;3:2. doi: 10.3389/neuro.05.002.2009Gregoriou G.G., Gotts S.J., Zhou H., Desimone R. High-frequency, long-range coupling between prefrontal and visual cortex during attention. Science. 2009;324(5931):1207–1210. doi: 10.1126/science.1171402Gregoriou G.G., Gotts S.J., Zhou H., Desimone R. High-frequency, long-range coupling between prefrontal and visual cortex during attention. Science. 2009;324(5931):1207–1210. doi: 10.1126/science.1171402Squire R.F., Noudoost B., Schafer R.J., Moore T. Prefrontal contributions to visual selective attention. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2013;36:451–466. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150439Squire R.F., Noudoost B., Schafer R.J., Moore T. Prefrontal contributions to visual selective attention. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2013;36:451–466. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150439Chrishtop V.V., Mironov V.A., Prilepskii A.Y., Nikonorova V.G., Vinogradov V.V. Organ-specific toxicity of magnetic iron oxide-based nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology. 2021;15(2):167–204. doi: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1842934Chrishtop V.V., Mironov V.A., Prilepskii A.Y., Nikonorova V.G., Vinogradov V.V. Organ-specific toxicity of magnetic iron oxide-based nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology. 2021;15(2):167–204. doi: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1842934Paneri S., Gregoriou G.G. Top-down control of visual attention by the prefrontal cortex. Functional specialization and long-range interactions. Front. Neurosci. 2017;11:545. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00545Paneri S., Gregoriou G.G. Top-down control of visual attention by the prefrontal cortex. Functional specialization and long-range interactions. Front. Neurosci. 2017;11:545. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00545Tye K.M., Deisseroth K. Optogenetic investigation of neural circuits underlying brain disease in animal models. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2012;13(4):251–266. doi: 10.1038/nrn3171Tye K.M., Deisseroth K. Optogenetic investigation of neural circuits underlying brain disease in animal models. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2012;13(4):251–266. doi: 10.1038/nrn3171Koike H., Demars M.P., Short J.A., Nabel E.M., Akbarian S., Baxter M.G. Morishita H. Chemogenetic inactivation of dorsal anteriocingulate cortex neurons disrupts attentional behavior in mouse. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016;41(4):1014–1023. doi: 10.1038/npp.2015.229Koike H., Demars M.P., Short J.A., Nabel E.M., Akbarian S., Baxter M.G. Morishita H. Chemogenetic inactivation of dorsal anteriocingulate cortex neurons disrupts attentional behavior in mouse. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016;41(4):1014–1023. doi: 10.1038/npp.2015.229Zhang S., Xu M., Chang W.C., Ma C., Hoang Do J.P., Jeong D., Lei T., Fan J.L., Dan Y. Organization of long-range inputs and outputs of frontal cortex for top-down control. Nat. Neurosci. 2016;19(12):1733– 1742. doi: 10.1038/nn.4417Zhang S., Xu M., Chang W.C., Ma C., Hoang Do J.P., Jeong D., Lei T., Fan J.L., Dan Y. Organization of long-range inputs and outputs of frontal cortex for top-down control. Nat. Neurosci. 2016;19(12):1733– 1742. doi: 10.1038/nn.4417Leinweber M., Ward D.R., Sobczak J.M., Attinger A., Keller G.B. A sensorimotor circuit in mouse cortex for visual flow predictions. Neuron. 2017;96(5):1204. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.009Leinweber M., Ward D.R., Sobczak J.M., Attinger A., Keller G.B. A sensorimotor circuit in mouse cortex for visual flow predictions. Neuron. 2017;96(5):1204. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.009Paxinos G., Franklin K.B. The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates. Houston: Gulf Professional Publishing, 2004. 242 p.Paxinos G., Franklin K.B. The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates. Houston: Gulf Professional Publishing, 2004. 242 p.Huda R., Pho G.N., Wickersham I.R., Sur M. Circuit mechanisms underlying visual responses of the anterior cingulate cortex. In: Society for Neuroscience. Washington, 2015. P. 1423–1431.Huda R., Pho G.N., Wickersham I.R., Sur M. Circuit mechanisms underlying visual responses of the anterior cingulate cortex. In: Society for Neuroscience. Washington, 2015. P. 1423–1431.Huda D.C., Sipe R., Adam G.O., Breton-Provencher E., Pho V., Gunter G., Wickersham L., Sur I.R. Bidirectional control of orienting behavior by distinct prefrontal circuits. bioRxiv6: 2018;9:1423–1431.Huda D.C., Sipe R., Adam G.O., Breton-Provencher E., Pho V., Gunter G., Wickersham L., Sur I.R. Bidirectional control of orienting behavior by distinct prefrontal circuits. bioRxiv6: 2018;9:1423–1431.Fillinger C., Yalcin I., Barrot M., Veinante P. Afferents to anterior cingulate areas 24a and 24b and midcingulate areas 24a’ and 24b’ in the mouse. Brain Struct. Funct. 2017;222(3):1509–1532. doi: 10.1007/s00429-016-1290-1Fillinger C., Yalcin I., Barrot M., Veinante P. Afferents to anterior cingulate areas 24a and 24b and midcingulate areas 24a’ and 24b’ in the mouse. Brain Struct. Funct. 2017;222(3):1509–1532. doi: 10.1007/s00429-016-1290-1Murakami T., Yoshida T., Matsui T., Ohki K. Wide-field Ca(2+) imaging reveals visually evoked activity in the retrosplenial area. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 2015;8:20. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00020Murakami T., Yoshida T., Matsui T., Ohki K. Wide-field Ca(2+) imaging reveals visually evoked activity in the retrosplenial area. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 2015;8:20. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00020Zhang S., Xu M., Kamigaki T., Hoang Do J.P., Chang W.C., Jenvay S., Miyamichi K., Luo L., Dan Y. Selective attention. Long-range andlocal circuits for top-down modulation of visual cortex processing. Science. 2014;345(6197):660–665. doi: 10.1126/science.1254126Zhang S., Xu M., Kamigaki T., Hoang Do J.P., Chang W.C., Jenvay S., Miyamichi K., Luo L., Dan Y. Selective attention. Long-range andlocal circuits for top-down modulation of visual cortex processing. Science. 2014;345(6197):660–665. doi: 10.1126/science.1254126White M.G., Panicker M., Mu C., Carter A.M., Roberts B.M., Dharmasri P.A., Mathur B.N. Anterior cingulate cortex input to the claustrum is required for top-down action control. Cell Rep. 2018;22(1):84–95. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.023White M.G., Panicker M., Mu C., Carter A.M., Roberts B.M., Dharmasri P.A., Mathur B.N. Anterior cingulate cortex input to the claustrum is required for top-down action control. Cell Rep. 2018;22(1):84–95. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.023Goard M.J., Pho G.N., Woodson J., Sur M. Distinct roles of visual, parietal, and frontal motor cortices in memory-guided sensorimotor decisions. Elife. 2016;5:13764. doi: 10.7554/eLife.13764Goard M.J., Pho G.N., Woodson J., Sur M. Distinct roles of visual, parietal, and frontal motor cortices in memory-guided sensorimotor decisions. Elife. 2016;5:13764. doi: 10.7554/eLife.13764Erlich J.C., Bialek M., Brody C.D. A cortical substrate for memory-guided orienting in the rat. Neuron. 2011;72(2):330–343. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.07.010Erlich J.C., Bialek M., Brody C.D. A cortical substrate for memory-guided orienting in the rat. Neuron. 2011;72(2):330–343. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.07.010Li N., Chen T.W., Guo Z.V., Gerfen C.R., Svoboda K. A motorcortex circuit for motor planning and movement. Nature. 2015;519(7541):51–56. doi: 10.1038/nature14178Li N., Chen T.W., Guo Z.V., Gerfen C.R., Svoboda K. A motorcortex circuit for motor planning and movement. Nature. 2015;519(7541):51–56. doi: 10.1038/nature14178Kamigaki T., Dan Y. Delay activity of specific prefrontal interneuron subtypes modulates memory-guided behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 2017;20(6):854– 863. doi: 10.1038/nn.4554Kamigaki T., Dan Y. Delay activity of specific prefrontal interneuron subtypes modulates memory-guided behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 2017;20(6):854– 863. doi: 10.1038/nn.4554Svoboda K., Li N. Neural mechanisms of movement planning: motor cortex and beyond. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2018;49:33–41. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.10.023Svoboda K., Li N. Neural mechanisms of movement planning: motor cortex and beyond. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2018;49:33–41. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.10.023Raposo D., Kaufman M.T., Churchland A.K. A category-free neural population supports evolving demands during decision-making. Nat. Neurosci. 2014;17(12):1784–1792. doi: 10.1038/nn.3865Raposo D., Kaufman M.T., Churchland A.K. A category-free neural population supports evolving demands during decision-making. Nat. Neurosci. 2014;17(12):1784–1792. doi: 10.1038/nn.3865Harvey C.D., Coe P., Tank D.W. Choice-specific sequences in parietal cortex during a virtual-navigation decision task. Nature. 2012; 484(7392):62–68. doi: 10.1038/nature10918Harvey C.D., Coe P., Tank D.W. Choice-specific sequences in parietal cortex during a virtual-navigation decision task. Nature. 2012; 484(7392):62–68. doi: 10.1038/nature10918Driscoll L.N., Pettit N.L., Minderer M., Chettih S.N., Harvey C.D. Dynamic reorganization of neuronal activity patterns in parietal cortex. Cell. 2017;170(5):986–999.e16. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.021Driscoll L.N., Pettit N.L., Minderer M., Chettih S.N., Harvey C.D. Dynamic reorganization of neuronal activity patterns in parietal cortex. Cell. 2017;170(5):986–999.e16. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.021Licata A.M., Kaufman M.T., Raposo D., Ryan M.B., Sheppard J.P., Churchland A.K. Posterior parietal cortex guides visual decisions in rats. J. Neurosci. 2017;37(19):4954–4966. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0105-17.2017Licata A.M., Kaufman M.T., Raposo D., Ryan M.B., Sheppard J.P., Churchland A.K. Posterior parietal cortex guides visual decisions in rats. J. Neurosci. 2017;37(19):4954–4966. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0105-17.2017Pho G.N., Goard M.J., Woodson J., Crawford B., Sur M. Taskdependent representations of stimulus and choice in mouse parietal cortex. Nat. Commun. 2018;9(1):2596. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05012-yPho G.N., Goard M.J., Woodson J., Crawford B., Sur M. Taskdependent representations of stimulus and choice in mouse parietal cortex. Nat. Commun. 2018;9(1):2596. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05012-yNikonorova V.G., Chrishtop V.V., Mironov V.A., Prilepskii A.Y. Advantages and potential benefits of using organoids in nanotoxicology. Cells. 2023;12(4):610. doi: 10.3390/cells12040610Nikonorova V.G., Chrishtop V.V., Mironov V.A., Prilepskii A.Y. Advantages and potential benefits of using organoids in nanotoxicology. Cells. 2023;12(4):610. doi: 10.3390/cells12040610

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.