sibmedСибирский научный медицинский журналСибирский научный медицинский журнал2410-25122410-2520ИЦиГ СО РАН10.18699/SSMJ20230501sibmed-1233Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSСовременные пути снижения летальности при инфаркте миокарда. Что необходимо предпринять?Modern ways to reduced mortality of myocardial infarction. What should be done?https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4642-3610БарбарашО. Л.BarbarashO. L.

д.м.н., проф., акад. РАН

650002, г. Кемерово, Сосновый б-р, 6

doctor of medical sciences, professor, academician of the RAS

650002, Kemerovo, Sosnovy Boulevard, 6

olb61@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3996-3325ПечеринаТ. Б.PecherinaT. B.

д.м.н.

650002, г. Кемерово, Сосновый б-р, 6

doctor of medical sciences

650002, Kemerovo, Sosnovy Boulevard, 6

tb.pechorina@gmail.comНИИ комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеванийРоссияResearch Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular DiseasesRussian Federation202327102023435613Copyright © Барбараш О.Л., Печерина Т.Б., 20232023Барбараш О.Л., Печерина Т.Б.Barbarash O.L., Pecherina T.B.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://sibmed.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1233

Инфаркт миокарда является грозным проявлением ИБС и определяет треть смертей, связанных с коронарной болезнью. В России ежегодно госпитализируются от 400 до 500 тысяч пациентов с острым коронарным синдромом, из них около половины – с инфарктом миокарда (ИМ). Динамика количества госпитализированных пациентов в последние годы говорит о его уменьшении. Краткосрочная летальность (30-дневная, в том числе госпитальная) после острого ИМ значительно снизилась за последние 50 лет: в абсолютном значении с 30 % в 1950-х годах до 5–8 % в настоящее время. Вместе с тем долгосрочная смертность после ИМ не улучшилась. Более того, в последние годы темпы снижения 30-дневной смертности от ИМ значительно сократились, почти достигнув «плато» за последние 15 лет. Установлено, что по силе влияния на выживаемость, инвалидизацию и качество жизни трудоспособного населения ИМ является важной не только медицинской, но и социальной проблемой. В представленном обзоре литературы обсуждены изменения подходов к снижению летальности при ИМ, а также главные события доказательной кардиологии последних 50 лет, позволившие эффективно управлять риском летальных исходов в этой категории пациентов.

Myocardial infarction is a formidable manifestation of coronary artery disease and accounts for one third of deaths associated with coronary disease. In Russia, from 400 to 500 thousand patients with acute coronary syndrome are hospitalized annually, about half of them with myocardial infarction (MI). The dynamics of the number of hospitalized patients in recent years indicates its reduction. Short-term mortality (30-day, including hospital mortality) after acute MI has decreased significantly over the past 50 years: in absolute terms from 30 % in 1950 to 5–8 % at present. However, long-term mortality after MI did not improve. Moreover, in recent years, the rate of decline in 30-day mortality from MI has decreased significantly, almost reaching a “plateau” over the past 15 years. It has been established that in terms of the impact on survival, disability and quality of life of the working population, MI is an important not only medical but also social problem. This review of the literature discusses changes in approaches to reducing mortality in MI, as well as the main events in evidence-based cardiology over the past 50 years, which have made it possible to effectively manage the risk of death in this category of patients.

инфаркт миокардаострый коронарный синдромлетальностьчрескожное коронарное вмешательствокоронарное шунтированиеmyocardial infarctionacute coronary syndromelethalitypercutaneous coronary interventioncoronary artery bypass graftingReferencesШальнова С.А., Драпкина О.М., Куценко В.А., Капустина А.В., Муромцева Г.А., Яровая Е.Б., Баланова Ю.А., Евстифеева С.Е., Имаева А.Э., Шляхто Е.В., … Черных Т.М. Инфаркт миокарда в популяции некоторых регионов России и его прогностическое значение. Рос. кардиол. ж. 2022;27(6):9–19. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2022-4952Shalnova S.A., Drapkina O.M., Kutsenko V.A., Kapustina A.V., Muromtseva G.A., Yarovaya E.B., Balanova Yu.A., Evstifeeva S.E., Imaeva A.E., Shlyakhto E.V., … Chernykh T.M. Myocardial infarction in the population of some Russian regions and its prognostic value. Rossiyskiy kardiologicheskiy zhurnal = Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2022;27(6):9–19. [In Russian]. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2022-4952Virani S.S., Alonso A., Aparicio H.J., Benjamin E.J., Bittencourt M.S., Callaway C.W., Carson A.P., Chamberlain A.M., Cheng S., Delling F.N., … American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart Disease and stroke statistics – 2021 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143(8):254–743. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000950Virani S.S., Alonso A., Aparicio H.J., Benjamin E.J., Bittencourt M.S., Callaway C.W., Carson A.P., Chamberlain A.M., Cheng S., Delling F.N., … American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart Disease and stroke statistics – 2021 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143(8):254–743. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000950Mechanic O.J., Gavin M., Grossman S.A. Acute myocardial infarction. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29083808/Mechanic O.J., Gavin M., Grossman S.A. Acute myocardial infarction. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29083808/Writing Committee Members, Gulati M., Levy P.D., Mukherjee D., Levy P.D., Mukherjee D., Amsterdam E., Bhatt D.L., Birtcher K.K., Blankstein R., … Shaw L.J. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/ SCCT/SCMR guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2021;78(22):2218–2261. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.052Writing Committee Members, Gulati M., Levy P.D., Mukherjee D., Levy P.D., Mukherjee D., Amsterdam E., Bhatt D.L., Birtcher K.K., Blankstein R., … Shaw L.J. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/ SCCT/SCMR guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2021;78(22):2218–2261. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.052Timonin S., Shkolnikov V.M., Andreev E., Magnus P., Leon D.A. Evidence of large systematic differences between countries in assigning ischaemic heart disease deaths to myocardial infarction: the contrasting examples of Russia and Norway. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2022;50(6):2082–2090. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyab188Timonin S., Shkolnikov V.M., Andreev E., Magnus P., Leon D.A. Evidence of large systematic differences between countries in assigning ischaemic heart disease deaths to myocardial infarction: the contrasting examples of Russia and Norway. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2022;50(6):2082–2090. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyab188Алекян Б.Г., Бойцов С.А., Маношкина Е.М., Ганюков В.И. Реваскуляризация миокарда в Российской Федерации при остром коронарном синдроме в 2016–2020 гг. Кардиология. 2021;61(12):4–15. doi: 10.18087/cardio.2021.12.n1879Alekyan B.G., Boytsov S.A., Manoshkina E.M., Ganyukov V.I. Myocardial revascularization in Russian Federation for acute coronary syndrome in 2016–2020. Kardiologiya = Cardiology. 2021;61(12):4–15. [In Russian]. doi: 10.18087/cardio.2021.12.n1879Roth G.A., Vaduganathan M., Mensah G.A. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiovascular health in 2020: JACC state-of-the-art review. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2022;80(6):631–640. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.06.008Roth G.A., Vaduganathan M., Mensah G.A. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiovascular health in 2020: JACC state-of-the-art review. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2022;80(6):631–640. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.06.008Laforgia P.L., Auguadro C., Bronzato S., Durante A. The reduction of mortality in acute myocardial infarction: from bed rest to future directions. Int. J. Prev. Med. 2022;13:56. doi: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_122_20Laforgia P.L., Auguadro C., Bronzato S., Durante A. The reduction of mortality in acute myocardial infarction: from bed rest to future directions. Int. J. Prev. Med. 2022;13:56. doi: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_122_20Szummer K., Wallentin L., Lindhagen L., Alfredsson J., Erlinge D., Held C., James S., Kellerth T., Lindahl B., Ravn-Fischer A., … Jernberg T. Relations between implementation of new treatments and improved outcomes in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction during the last 20 years: experiences from SWEDEHEART registry 1995 to 2014. Eur. Heart. J. 2018;39(42):3766–3776. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy554Szummer K., Wallentin L., Lindhagen L., Alfredsson J., Erlinge D., Held C., James S., Kellerth T., Lindahl B., Ravn-Fischer A., … Jernberg T. Relations between implementation of new treatments and improved outcomes in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction during the last 20 years: experiences from SWEDEHEART registry 1995 to 2014. Eur. Heart. J. 2018;39(42):3766–3776. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy554Чазов Е.И., Матвеева Л.С., Мазаев А.В., Саргин К.Е., Садовская Г.В., Руда М.Я. Внутрикоронарное введение фибринолизина при остром инфаркте миокарда. Терапевт. арх. 1976;48(4):8–19.Сhazov E.I., Matveeva L.S., Mazaev A.V., Sargin K.E., Sadovskaya G.V., Ruda M.I. Intracoronary administration of fibrinolysin in acute myocardial infarction. Terapevticheskiy arkhiv = Therapeutic Archive. 1976;48(4):8–19. [In Russian].Levine S.A., Lown B. “Armchair” treatment of acute coronary thrombosis. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1952;148(16):1365–1369. doi: 10.1001/jama.1952.02930160001001Levine S.A., Lown B. “Armchair” treatment of acute coronary thrombosis. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1952;148(16):1365–1369. doi: 10.1001/jama.1952.02930160001001Norris R.M., Bensley K.E., Caughey D.E., Scott P.J. Hospital mortality in acute myocardial infarction. Br. Med. J. 1968;3(5611):143–146. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5611.143Norris R.M., Bensley K.E., Caughey D.E., Scott P.J. Hospital mortality in acute myocardial infarction. Br. Med. J. 1968;3(5611):143–146. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5611.143Julian D.G. Treatment of cardiac arrest in acute myocardial ischaemia and infarction. Lancet. 1961;2(7207):840–844. doi: 10.1016/S01406736(61)90738-3Julian D.G. Treatment of cardiac arrest in acute myocardial ischaemia and infarction. Lancet. 1961;2(7207):840–844. doi: 10.1016/S01406736(61)90738-3Goble A.J., Sloman G., Robinson J.S. Mortality reduction in a coronary care unit. Br. Med. J. 1966;1(5494):1005–1009. doi: 10.1136/ bmj.1.5494.1005Goble A.J., Sloman G., Robinson J.S. Mortality reduction in a coronary care unit. Br. Med. J. 1966;1(5494):1005–1009. doi: 10.1136/ bmj.1.5494.1005Bloomfield D.K., Slivka J., Vossler S., Edelstein J. Survival in acute myocardial infarction before and after the establishment of a coronary care unit. Chest. 1970;57(3):224–229. doi: 10.1378/chest.57.3.224Bloomfield D.K., Slivka J., Vossler S., Edelstein J. Survival in acute myocardial infarction before and after the establishment of a coronary care unit. Chest. 1970;57(3):224–229. doi: 10.1378/chest.57.3.224Pfeffer M.A., Braunwald E. Ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Experimental observations and clinical implications. Circulation. 1990;81(4):1161–1172. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.81.4.1161Pfeffer M.A., Braunwald E. Ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Experimental observations and clinical implications. Circulation. 1990;81(4):1161–1172. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.81.4.1161Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI). Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1986;327(8478):397–402. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)92368-8Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI). Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1986;327(8478):397–402. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)92368-8Grines C.L., Browne K.F., Marco J., Rothbaum D., Stone G.W., O’Keefe J., Overlie P., Donohue B., Chelliah N., … Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group. A comparison of immediate angioplasty with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. The Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group. N. Eng. J. Med. 1993;328(10):673–679. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199303113281001Grines C.L., Browne K.F., Marco J., Rothbaum D., Stone G.W., O’Keefe J., Overlie P., Donohue B., Chelliah N., … Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group. A comparison of immediate angioplasty with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. The Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group. N. Eng. J. Med. 1993;328(10):673–679. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199303113281001Nordmann A.J., Bucher H., Hengstler P., Harr T., Young J. Primary stenting versus primary balloon angioplasty for treating acute myocardial infarction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD005313. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005313Nordmann A.J., Bucher H., Hengstler P., Harr T., Young J. Primary stenting versus primary balloon angioplasty for treating acute myocardial infarction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD005313. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005313Popma J.J., Leon M.B., Moses J.W., Holmes D.R., Cox N., Fitzpatrick M., Douglas J., Lambert C., Mooney M., Yakubov S., … SIRIUS Investigators. Quantitative assessment of angiographic restenosis after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in native coronary arteries. Circulation. 2004;110(25):3773–3780. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000150331.14687.4BPopma J.J., Leon M.B., Moses J.W., Holmes D.R., Cox N., Fitzpatrick M., Douglas J., Lambert C., Mooney M., Yakubov S., … SIRIUS Investigators. Quantitative assessment of angiographic restenosis after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in native coronary arteries. Circulation. 2004;110(25):3773–3780. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000150331.14687.4BMoreno R. Drug-eluting stents and other anti-restenosis devices. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. 2005;58(7):842–862. doi: 10.1157/13077236Moreno R. Drug-eluting stents and other anti-restenosis devices. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. 2005;58(7):842–862. doi: 10.1157/13077236Nauta S.T., Deckers J.W., Akkerhuis K.M., van Domburg R.T. Shortand long-term mortality after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: Changes from 1985 to 2008. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(10):2043–2047. doi: 10.2337/dc11-2462Nauta S.T., Deckers J.W., Akkerhuis K.M., van Domburg R.T. Shortand long-term mortality after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: Changes from 1985 to 2008. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(10):2043–2047. doi: 10.2337/dc11-2462Savarese G., Savonitto S., Lund L.H., Paolillo S., Marciano C., Dellegrottaglie S., Parente A., Trimarco B., Luscher T.F., Perrone-Filardi P. Efficacy and safety of prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy: a meta-analysis of 15 randomized trials enrolling 85 265 patients. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacother. 2016;2(4):218–228. doi: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvw011Savarese G., Savonitto S., Lund L.H., Paolillo S., Marciano C., Dellegrottaglie S., Parente A., Trimarco B., Luscher T.F., Perrone-Filardi P. Efficacy and safety of prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy: a meta-analysis of 15 randomized trials enrolling 85 265 patients. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacother. 2016;2(4):218–228. doi: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvw011Abusnina W., Baral N., Seri A., Ben-Dor I., Alkhouli M., Monteleone P., Haddad E., Goldsweig A.M., Paul T.K. Safety and efficacy of ultra short-duration dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary interventions: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2022;47(10):101295. doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101295Abusnina W., Baral N., Seri A., Ben-Dor I., Alkhouli M., Monteleone P., Haddad E., Goldsweig A.M., Paul T.K. Safety and efficacy of ultra short-duration dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary interventions: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2022;47(10):101295. doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101295Selvaraj V., Chatterjee S., Hirai T., Abbott J.D., Bavishi C. Three versus 12-month dual antiplatelet therapy duration in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2022;100(7):1151–1158. doi: 10.1002/ccd.30467Selvaraj V., Chatterjee S., Hirai T., Abbott J.D., Bavishi C. Three versus 12-month dual antiplatelet therapy duration in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2022;100(7):1151–1158. doi: 10.1002/ccd.30467Durante A., Camici P.G. Novel insights into an “old” phenomenon: The no reflow. Int. J. Cardiol. 2015;187:273–280. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.359Durante A., Camici P.G. Novel insights into an “old” phenomenon: The no reflow. Int. J. Cardiol. 2015;187:273–280. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.359Kloner R.A., Ganote C.E., Jennings R.B. The “no-reflow” phenomenon after temporary coronary occlusion in the dog. J. Clin. Invest. 1974;54(6):1496– 1508. doi: 10.1172/JCI107898Kloner R.A., Ganote C.E., Jennings R.B. The “no-reflow” phenomenon after temporary coronary occlusion in the dog. J. Clin. Invest. 1974;54(6):1496– 1508. doi: 10.1172/JCI107898Ndrepepa G., Tiroch K., Fusaro M., Keta D., Seyfarth M., Byrne R.A., Pache J., Alger P., Mehilli J., Schömig A., Kastrati A. 5-year prognostic value of no-reflow phenomenon after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010;55(21):2383–2389. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.054Ndrepepa G., Tiroch K., Fusaro M., Keta D., Seyfarth M., Byrne R.A., Pache J., Alger P., Mehilli J., Schömig A., Kastrati A. 5-year prognostic value of no-reflow phenomenon after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010;55(21):2383–2389. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.054Leonardi S., Montalto C., Carrara G., Casella G., Grosseto D., Galazzi M., Repetto A., Tua L., Portolan M., Ottani F., … ACS Clinical Governance Programme Investigators. Clinical governance of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Eur. Heart. J. Acute. Cardiovasc. Care. 2022;30;11(11):797–805. doi: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuac106Leonardi S., Montalto C., Carrara G., Casella G., Grosseto D., Galazzi M., Repetto A., Tua L., Portolan M., Ottani F., … ACS Clinical Governance Programme Investigators. Clinical governance of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Eur. Heart. J. Acute. Cardiovasc. Care. 2022;30;11(11):797–805. doi: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuac106Аверков О.В., Дупляков Д.В., Гиляров М.Ю., Новикова Н.А., Шахнович Р.М., Яковлев А.Н., Абугов С.А., Алекян Б.Г., Архипов М.В., Барбараш О.Л., … Якушин С.С. Острый инфаркт миокарда с подъемом сегмента ST электрокардиограммы. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Рос. кардиол. ж. 2020;25(11):251–310. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4103Averkov O.V., Duplyakov D.V., Gilyarov M. Yu., Novikova N.A., Shakhnovich R.M., Yakovlev A.N., Abugov S.A., Alekyan B.G., Arkhipov M.V., Barbarash O.L., … Yakushin S.S. 2020 clinical practice guidelines for acute st-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Rossiyskiy kardiologicheskiy zhurnal = Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(11):251–310. [In Russian]. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4103Барбараш О.Л., Дупляков Д.В., Затейщиков Д.А., Панченко Е.П., Шахнович Р.М., Явелов И.С., Яковлев А.Н., Абугов С.А., Алекян Б.Г., Архипов М.В., … Якушин С.С. Острый коронарный синдром без подъема сегмента ST электрокардиограммы. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Рос. кардиол. ж. 2021;26(4):149–202. doi: 10.15829/15604071-2021-4449Barbarash O.L., Duplyakov D.V., Zateishchikov D.A., Panchenko E.P., Shakhnovich R.M., Yavelov I.S., Yakovlev A.N., Abugov S.A., Alekyan B.G., Arkhipov M.V., … Yakushin S.S. Clinical practice guidelines for Acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation. Rossiyskiy kardiologicheskiy zhurnal = Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2021;26(4):149– 202. [In Russian]. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4449Cardarelli F., Bellasi A., Fang-Shu O., Shaw L.J., Veledar E., Roe M.T., Morris D.C., Peterson E.D., Klein L.W., Raggi P. Combined impact of age and estimated glomerular filtration rate on in-hospital mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction (from the American College of Cardiology National Cardiovascular Data Registry). Am. J. Cardiol. 2009;103(6):766–771. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.11.033Cardarelli F., Bellasi A., Fang-Shu O., Shaw L.J., Veledar E., Roe M.T., Morris D.C., Peterson E.D., Klein L.W., Raggi P. Combined impact of age and estimated glomerular filtration rate on in-hospital mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction (from the American College of Cardiology National Cardiovascular Data Registry). Am. J. Cardiol. 2009;103(6):766–771. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.11.033Kite T.A., Kurmani S.A., Bountziouka V., Cooper N.J., Lock S.T., Gale C.P., Flather M., Curzen N., Banning A.P., McCann G.P., Ladwiniec A. Timing of invasive strategy in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur. Heart. J. 2022;43(33):3148–3161. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac213Kite T.A., Kurmani S.A., Bountziouka V., Cooper N.J., Lock S.T., Gale C.P., Flather M., Curzen N., Banning A.P., McCann G.P., Ladwiniec A. Timing of invasive strategy in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur. Heart. J. 2022;43(33):3148–3161. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac213Neumann F.J., Sousa-Uva M., Ahlsson A., Alfonso F., Banning A.P., Benedetto U., Byrne R.A., Collet J.P., Falk V., Head S.J., … ESC Scientific Document Group. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur. Heart. J. 2019;14(14):1435– 1534. doi: 10.4244/EIJY19M01_01Neumann F.J., Sousa-Uva M., Ahlsson A., Alfonso F., Banning A.P., Benedetto U., Byrne R.A., Collet J.P., Falk V., Head S.J., … ESC Scientific Document Group. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur. Heart. J. 2019;14(14):1435– 1534. doi: 10.4244/EIJY19M01_01Saito Y., Kobayashi Y. Complete revascularization in acute myocardial infarction: a clinical review. Cardiovasc. Interv. Ther. 2023;38(2):177–186. doi: 10.1007/s12928-022-00907-6Saito Y., Kobayashi Y. Complete revascularization in acute myocardial infarction: a clinical review. Cardiovasc. Interv. Ther. 2023;38(2):177–186. doi: 10.1007/s12928-022-00907-6Wood D.A., Cairns J.A., Wang J., Mehran R., Storey R.F., Nguyen H., Meeks B., Kunadian V., Tanguay J.F., Kim H.H., … COMPLETE Investigators. Timing of staged nonculprit artery revascularization in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: COMPLETE Trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2019;74(22): :2713–2723. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.09.051Wood D.A., Cairns J.A., Wang J., Mehran R., Storey R.F., Nguyen H., Meeks B., Kunadian V., Tanguay J.F., Kim H.H., … COMPLETE Investigators. Timing of staged nonculprit artery revascularization in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: COMPLETE Trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2019;74(22): :2713–2723. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.09.051Марков В.А., Дупляков Д.В., Константинов С.Л., Клейн Г.В., Аксентьев С.Б., Платонов Д.Ю., Вышлов Е.В., Пономарев Э.А., Рабинович Р.М., Макаров Е.Л., … Герасимец Е.А. Фортелизин в сравнении с Метализе при инфаркте миокарда с подъемом сегмента ST: однолетние результаты и клинические исходы многоцентрового рандомизированного исследования ФРИДОМ. Рос. кардиол. ж. 2018;23(11):110–116. doi: 10.15829/1560-40712018-11-110-116Markov V.A., Duplyakov D.V., Konstantinov S.L., Klein G.V., Aksentev S.B., Platonov D.Yu., Vyshlov E.V., Ponomarev E.A., Rabinovich R.M., Makarov E.L., … Gerasimets EA. Fortelyzin in comparison with Metalyse for ST-elevated myocardial infarction: one-year results and clinical outcomes of a multicenter randomized study FRIDOM. Rossiyskiy kardiologicheskiy zhurnal = Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2018;23(11):110–116. [In Russian]. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2018-11-110-116Sricholwattana S., Chaipromprasit J., Kosum P. Prevalence and characteristics of non-ST-segment elevation in acute myocardial infarction with insignificant coronary artery disease. Eur. Heart. J. 2022;43(1):ehab849.067. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab849.067Sricholwattana S., Chaipromprasit J., Kosum P. Prevalence and characteristics of non-ST-segment elevation in acute myocardial infarction with insignificant coronary artery disease. Eur. Heart. J. 2022;43(1):ehab849.067. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab849.067Thygesen K., Alpert J.S., White H.D., Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction; Jaffe A.S., Apple F.S., Galvani M., Katus H.A., Newby L.K., Ravkilde J., … Al-Attar N. Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart. J. 2007;28(20):2525–2538. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm355Thygesen K., Alpert J.S., White H.D., Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction; Jaffe A.S., Apple F.S., Galvani M., Katus H.A., Newby L.K., Ravkilde J., … Al-Attar N. Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart. J. 2007;28(20):2525–2538. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm355Thygesen K., Alpert J.S., Jaffe A.S., Chaitman B.R., Bax J.J., Morrow D.A., White H.D.; Exeсutive Group on behalf of the Joint European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)/World Heart Federation (WHF). Task force for the universal definition of myocardial infarction. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2018;72(18):2231–2264. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy462Thygesen K., Alpert J.S., Jaffe A.S., Chaitman B.R., Bax J.J., Morrow D.A., White H.D.; Exeсutive Group on behalf of the Joint European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)/World Heart Federation (WHF). Task force for the universal definition of myocardial infarction. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2018;72(18):2231–2264. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy462Collinson P., Lindahl B. Type 2 myocardial infarction: the chimaera of cardiology? Heart. 2015;101(21):1697–1703. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014307122Collinson P., Lindahl B. Type 2 myocardial infarction: the chimaera of cardiology? Heart. 2015;101(21):1697–1703. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014307122Baron T., Hambraeus K., Sundström J., Erlinge D., Jernberg T., Lindahl B.; TOTAL-AMI study group. Type 2 myocardial infarction in clinical practice. Heart. 2015;101(2):101–106, doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306093Baron T., Hambraeus K., Sundström J., Erlinge D., Jernberg T., Lindahl B.; TOTAL-AMI study group. Type 2 myocardial infarction in clinical practice. Heart. 2015;101(2):101–106, doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306093Saaby L., Poulsen T.S., Hosbond S., Larsen T.B., Pyndt Diederichsen A.C., Hallas J., Thygesen K., Mickley H. Classification of myocardial infarction: frequency and features of Type 2 myocardial infarction. Am. J. Medicine. 2013;126(9):789–797. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.02.029Saaby L., Poulsen T.S., Hosbond S., Larsen T.B., Pyndt Diederichsen A.C., Hallas J., Thygesen K., Mickley H. Classification of myocardial infarction: frequency and features of Type 2 myocardial infarction. Am. J. Medicine. 2013;126(9):789–797. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.02.029Hawatmeh A., Thawabi M., Aggarwal R., Abirami C., Vavilin I., Wasty N., Visveswaran G., Cohen M. Implications of misclassification of type 2 myocardial infarction on clinical outcomes. Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med. 2020;21(2):176–179. doi: 10.1016/j.carrev.2019.04.009Hawatmeh A., Thawabi M., Aggarwal R., Abirami C., Vavilin I., Wasty N., Visveswaran G., Cohen M. Implications of misclassification of type 2 myocardial infarction on clinical outcomes. Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med. 2020;21(2):176–179. doi: 10.1016/j.carrev.2019.04.009Saaby L., Poulsen T.S., Diederichsen A.C., Hosbond S., Larsen T.B., Schmidt H., Gerke O., Hallas J., Thygesen K., Mickley H. Mortality rate in type 2 myocardial infarction: observations from anunselected hospital cohort. Am. J. Med. 2014;127(4):295–302. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.12.020Saaby L., Poulsen T.S., Diederichsen A.C., Hosbond S., Larsen T.B., Schmidt H., Gerke O., Hallas J., Thygesen K., Mickley H. Mortality rate in type 2 myocardial infarction: observations from anunselected hospital cohort. Am. J. Med. 2014;127(4):295–302. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.12.020Jogu H.R., Arora S., Vaduganathan M., Qamar A., Pandey A., Chevli P.A., Pansuriya T.H., Ahmad M.I., Dutta A., Sunkara P.R., … Herrington D. Wake Forest University long-term follow-up of type 2 myocardial infarction: The Wake-Up T2MI Registry. Clin. Cardiol. 2019;42(6):592–604. doi: 10.1002/clc.23182Jogu H.R., Arora S., Vaduganathan M., Qamar A., Pandey A., Chevli P.A., Pansuriya T.H., Ahmad M.I., Dutta A., Sunkara P.R., … Herrington D. Wake Forest University long-term follow-up of type 2 myocardial infarction: The Wake-Up T2MI Registry. Clin. Cardiol. 2019;42(6):592–604. doi: 10.1002/clc.23182Loccoh E.C., Joynt Maddox K.E., Wang Y., Kazi D.S., Yeh R.W., Wadhera R.K. Rural-urban disparities in outcomes of myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke in the United States. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2022;79(3):267–279. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.10.045Loccoh E.C., Joynt Maddox K.E., Wang Y., Kazi D.S., Yeh R.W., Wadhera R.K. Rural-urban disparities in outcomes of myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke in the United States. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2022;79(3):267–279. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.10.045

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.