<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sibmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский научный медицинский журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Сибирский научный медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2410-2512</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2520</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ИЦиГ СО РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/SSMJ20230304</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sibmed-1105</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYSIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Семакс как модулятор психоэмоционального статуса крыс в условиях экспериментальной модели депрессии, основанной на стрессе</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Semax as a modulator of the psycho-emotional status of rats in an experimental model of depression based on stress</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0860-4952</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мурталиева</surname><given-names>В. Х.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Murtalieva</surname><given-names>V. Kh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мурталиева Вероника Хамидуллаевна</p><p>414000, г. Астрахань, ул. Бакинская, 121</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Veronika Kh. Murtalieva</p><p>414000, Astrakhan, Bakinskaya str., 121</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">murtalieva90@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2998-2864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ясенявская</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yasenyavskaya</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ясенявская Анна Леонидовна, к.м.н.</p><p>414000, г. Астрахань, ул. Бакинская, 121</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna L. Yasenyavskaya, candidate of medical sciences</p><p>414000, Astrakhan, Bakinskaya str., 121</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yasen_9@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3927-8590</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреева</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreeva</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андреева Людмила Александровна, к.х.н.</p><p>123182, г. Москва, пл. Академика Курчатова, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyudmila A. Andreeva, candidate of сhemical sciences</p><p>123182, Moscow, Akademika Kurchatova sq., 2</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">landr@img.ras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1294-102X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мясоедов</surname><given-names>Н. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Myasoedov</surname><given-names>N. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мясоедов Николай Федорович, д.х.н., проф., академик РАН</p><p>123182, г. Москва, пл. Академика Курчатова, 2</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolay F. Myasoedov, doctor of сhemical sciences, professor, academician of the RAS</p><p>123182, Moscow, Akademika Kurchatova sq., 2</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nfm@img.ras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5336-4455</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самотруева</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Samotrueva</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Самотруева Марина Александровна, д.м.н., проф.</p><p>414000, г. Астрахань, ул. Бакинская, 121</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina A. Samotrueva, doctor of medical sciences, professor</p><p>Minzdrav of Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ms1506@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Астраханский государственный медицинский университет Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Astrakhan State Medical University of Minzdrav of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт молекулярной генетики НИЦ «Курчатовский институт»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>43</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мурталиева В.Х., Ясенявская А.Л., Андреева Л.А., Мясоедов Н.Ф., Самотруева М.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мурталиева В.Х., Ясенявская А.Л., Андреева Л.А., Мясоедов Н.Ф., Самотруева М.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Murtalieva V.K., Yasenyavskaya A.L., Andreeva L.A., Myasoedov N.F., Samotrueva M.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://sibmed.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1105">https://sibmed.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1105</self-uri><abstract><p>В современной физиологии приоритетным направлением является изучение влияния на физиологические системы организма различных видов стресса, приводящих, как правило, к развитию депрессивных состояний. К основным методам оценки нейропротекторного действия, основного компонента защиты от стресса, относится изучение поведенческих реакций, отражающих двигательные, эмоциональные и когнитивные изменения. Перспективным является изучение лекарственных препаратов на основе регуляторных пептидов, к которым относится семакс (АКТГ4-7PGP) – представитель новой синтетической пептидной инженерии, лишенный гормонального эффекта и полностью сохраняющий нейротропную активность адренокортикотропного гормона. Целью работы явилось экспериментальное изучение влияния семакса на поведение животных при воздействии экспериментальной депрессии, основанной на «социальном» стрессе. Материал и методы. Исследование проведено на 50 нелинейных крысах-самцах в возрасте 6 месяцев. Эффекты семакса изучали в условиях сенсорного контакта – модель экспериментальной депрессии, основанная на формировании у животных поведения агрессивного и субмиссивного характера, с применением многокомпонентной модели «Суок-тест» и теста Порсолта для оценки депрессивного поведения крыс. Результаты и их обсуждение. Межсамцовые конфронтации приводили к снижению времени пребывания в светлой половине теста, числа «исследовательских» заглядываний вниз, направленных движений головой; наблюдалось снижение числа посещенных сегментов в светлом отсеке у жертв и агрессоров. В целом изучение поведенческих реакций на животных в условиях Суок-теста и теста Порсолта на модели экспериментальной депрессии (сенсорный контакт) показало формирование у животных тревожно-депрессивного состояния, что подтверждалось снижением двигательной и исследовательской активности крыс. При проведении теста Порсолта получены результаты, свидетельствующие о формировании депрессивного состояния у животных, что подтверждалось увеличением общего периода иммобильности как у агрессоров, так и у жертв, нарастанием времени пассивного и уменьшением времени активного плавания. При комплексной оценке показателей поведения животных в Суок-тесте на фоне снижения уровня тревожности под воздействием cемакса наблюдалось улучшение параметров исследовательского поведения крыс, в тесте Порсолта – показате- лей двигательной активности. Заключение. Исследование влияния семакса на поведенческие реакции животных в условиях сенсорного контакта свидетельствует о том, что данный препарат проявляет анксиолитическое и антидепрессивное действие, устраняя патологические изменения психоэмоционального статуса животных.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In modern physiology, the priority direction is the study of the influence of various types of stress, leading, as a rule, to the development of depressive states, on the physiological systems of the body. The main methods for assessing the neuroprotective effect, which is the main component of defense against stress, include the study of behavioral reactions that reflect motor, emotional, and cognitive changes. The study of drugs based on regulatory peptides is promising. Semax (ACTH4-7PGP) is a representative of a new synthetic peptide engineering, practically devoid of a hormonal effect and completely preserving the neurotropic activity of adrenocorticotropic hormone. The aim of the work was an experimental study of the effect of semax on the behavior of animals under the influence of experimental depression based on “social” stress. Material and methods. The study was carried out on 50 outbred male rats aged 6 months. Semax effects were studied under conditions of sensory contact - a model of experimental depression based on the formation of aggressive and submissive behavior in animals, using the multicomponent model the Suok test (“ropewalking”) and the Porsolt test to assess the depressive behavior of rats. Results and its discussion. Intermale confrontations led to a decrease in the time spent in the light half of the test, the number of “exploratory” downward glances, directional head movements; a decrease in the number of visited segments in the light section in victims and aggressors. As a whole, the study of behavioral reactions in animals in the Suok test and the Porsolt test in the model of experimental depression (sensory contact) showed the formation of an anxious-depressive state in animals, which was confirmed by a decrease in the motor and exploratory activity of rats. The results were obtained during the Porsolt test, indicating the formation of a depressive state in animals, which was confirmed by an increase in the total period of immobility in both aggressors and victims, an increase in the time of passive swimming, and a decrease in the time of active swimming. With a comprehensive assessment of animal behavior indicators in the Suok test, against the background of a decrease in the level of anxiety under the influence of semax, an improvement in the parameters of exploratory behavior was observed, in the Porsolt test – of motor activity indicators. Conclusions. Investigation of semax effect on the behavioral reactions of animals under conditions of sensory contact indicates that this drug exhibits an anxiolytic and antidepressant effect, eliminating pathological changes in the psycho-emotional status of animals.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>поведение</kwd><kwd>депрессия</kwd><kwd>«социальный» стресс</kwd><kwd>сенсорный контакт</kwd><kwd>Суок-тест</kwd><kwd>тест Порсолта</kwd><kwd>нейропептиды</kwd><kwd>семакс</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>behavior</kwd><kwd>depression</kwd><kwd>“social” stress</kwd><kwd>sensory contact</kwd><kwd>Suok test</kwd><kwd>Porsolt test</kwd><kwd>neuropeptides</kwd><kwd>semax</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yaribeygi H., Panahi Y., Sahraei H., Johnston T.P., Sahebkar A. The impact of stress on body function: A review. EXCLI J. 2017;16:1057–1072. doi: 10.17179/excli2017-480</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yaribeygi H., Panahi Y., Sahraei H., Johnston T.P., Sahebkar A. The impact of stress on body function: A review. EXCLI J. 2017;16:1057–1072. doi: 10.17179/excli2017-480</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Першина К.В. Нейрофизиологические механизмы стресса и депрессивных состояний и методы борьбы с ними. European Science. 2019;(1):78–83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pershina K.V. Neurophysiological mechanisms of stress and depression and methods of dealing with them. European Science. 2019;(1):78–83. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koolhaas J.M., Boer S.F., Buwalda B., Meerlo P. Social stress models in rodents: Towards enhanced validity. Neurobiol. Stress. 2016;6:104–112. doi: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.09.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koolhaas J.M., Boer S.F., Buwalda B., Meerlo P. Social stress models in rodents: Towards enhanced validity. Neurobiol. Stress. 2016;6:104–112. doi: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.09.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ясенявская А.Л., Мурталиева В.Х. «Социальный» стресс как модель оценки эффективности новых стресс-протекторов. Астрах. мед. ж. 2017;12(2):23–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yasenyavskaya A.L., Murtaliyeva V.Kh. Social stress as a model of evaluation of efficiency of new stress-protectors. Astrakhanskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal = Astrakhan Medical Journal. 2017;12(2):23–35. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doeselaar L., Yang H., Bordes J., Brix L., Engelhardt C., Tang F., Schmidt M.V. Chronic social defeat stress in female mice leads to sex-specific behavioral and neuroendocrine effects. Stress. 2021;24(2):168–180. doi: 10.1080/10253890.2020.1864319</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doeselaar L., Yang H., Bordes J., Brix L., Engelhardt C., Tang F., Schmidt M.V. Chronic social defeat stress in female mice leads to sex-specific behavioral and neuroendocrine effects. Stress. 2021;24(2):168–180. doi: 10.1080/10253890.2020.1864319</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колесникова Л.Р. Стресс-индуцированные изменения жизнедеятельности организма. Вестн. Смол. гос. мед. акад. 2018;17(4):30–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolesnikova L.R. Stress-induced changes in the life of the body. Vestnik Smolenskoy gosudarstvennoy meditsinskoy akademii = Vestnik of the Smolensk State Medical Academy. 2018;17(4):30–36. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колесникова А.А., Толстенок И.В., Флейшман М.Ю. Биологические эффекты пролинсодержащих олигопептидов. Дальневост. мед. ж. 2021;(4):92–99. doi: 10.35177/1994-5191-2021-4-19</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolesnikova A.A., Tolstenok I.V., Fleishman M.Yu. Biological effects of proline-containing oligopeptides. Dal’nevostochnyy meditsinskiy zhurnal = Far East Medical Journal. 2021;(4):92–99. [In Russian]. doi: 10.35177/1994-5191-2021-4-19</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Королева С.В., Мясоедов Н.Ф. Семакс – универсальный препарат для терапии и исследований. Изв. РАН. Сер. биол. 2018;(6):669–682. doi: 10.1134/S000233291806005X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koroleva S.V., Myasoedov N.F. Semax as a universal drug for therapy and research. Izvestiya Rossiyskoy akademii nauk. Seriya biologicheskaya = Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Science. Division of Biological Science. 2018;(6):669–682. [In Russian]. doi: 10.1134/S000233291806005X</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хадарцева К.А., Беляева Е.А. Семакс – перспективы применения (краткое обзорное сообщение). Клин. мед. и фармакол. 2021;7(3):35–37. doi: 10.12737/2409-3750-2021-7-3-35-37</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khadartseva K.A., Belyaeva E.A. Semax – application prospects (brief overview message). Klinicheskaya meditsina i farmakologiya = Clinical Medicine and Pharmacology. 2021;7(3):35–37. [In Russian]. doi: 10.12737/2409-3750-2021-7-3-35-37</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пожилова Е.В., Новиков В.Е. Фармакодинамика и клиническое применение нейропептида АКТГ4-10. Вестн. Смол. гос. мед. акад. 2020;19(3):76–86. doi: 10.37903/vsgma.2020.3.10</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pozhilova E.V., Novikov V.E. Pharmacodynamics and clinical application of ACTH4-10 neuropeptide. Vestnik Smolenskoy gosudarstvennoy meditsinskoy akademii = Vestnik of the Smolensk State Medical Academy. 2020;19(3):76–86. [In Russian]. doi: 10.37903/vsgma.2020.3.10</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ясенявская А.Л., Мурталиева В.Х. Изучение психотропных эффектов Семакса на различных моделях стресса. Астрах. мед. ж. 2017;12(1):72–81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yasenyavskaya A.L., Murtalieva V.Kh. Study of the psychotropic effects of Semax on different models of stress. Astrakhanskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal = Astrakhan medical journal. 2017;12(1):72–81. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сторожевых Т.П., Тухбатова Г.Р., Сенилова Ю.Е., Пинелис В.Г., Андреева Л.А., Мясоедов Н.Ф. Влияние семакса и его Pro-Gly-Pro фрагмента на кальциевый гомеостаз нейронов и их выживаемость в условиях глутаматной токсичности. Бюл. эксперим. биол. и мед. 2007;143(5):538–541.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Storozhevykh T.P., Tukhbatova G.R., Senilova Y.E., Pinelis V.G., Andreeva L.A., Myasoedov N.F. Effects of semax and its Pro-Gly-Pro fragment on calcium homeostasis of neurons and their survival under conditions of glutamate toxicity. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2007;143:601–604. doi: 10.1007/s10517-007-0192-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаронова И.Н., Буканова Ю.В., Мясоедов Н.Ф., Скребицкий В.Г. Модуляция ГАМК-и глицинактивируемых токов препаратом «Семакс» в изолированных нейронах мозга. Бюл. эксперим. биол. и мед. 2017;164(11):564–569.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharonova I.N., Bukanova Yu.V., Myasoedov N.F., Skrebitsky V.G. Modulation of GABA- and glycine-activated ionic currents with semax in isolated cerebral neurons. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2018;164:612–616. doi: 10.1007/s10517-018-4043-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полунин Г.С., Нуриева С.М., Баяндин Д.Л., Шеремет Н.Л., Андреева Л.А. Определение терапевтической эффективности нового отечественного препарата «Семакс» при заболеваниях зрительного нерва. Вестн. офтальмол. 2000;116(1):15–18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polunin G.S., Nurieva S.M., Bayandin D.L., Sheremet N.L., Andreeva L.A. Evaluation of therapeutic effect of new russian drug Semax in optic nerve disease. Vestnik oftal’mologii = The Russian Annals of Ophthalmology. 2000;116(1):15–18. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kudryavtseva N.N. A sensory contact model for the study of aggressive and submissive behaviors in male mice. Aggress. Behav. 1991;17(5):285–291. doi: 10.1002/1098-2337(1991)17:5&lt;285::AID-AB2480170505&gt;3.0.CO;2-P</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kudryavtseva N.N. A sensory contact model for the study of aggressive and submissive behaviors in male mice. Aggress. Behav. 1991;17(5):285–291. doi: 10.1002/1098-2337(1991)17:5&lt;285::AIDAB2480170505&gt;3.0.CO;2-P</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кательникова А.Е., Крышень К.Л., Зуева А.А., Макарова М.Н. Интраназальное введение лекарственных средств лабораторным животным. Лаб. живот. для науч. исслед. 2019;(2):9. doi: 10.29296/2618723X-2019-02-09</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katel’nikova A.E., Kryshen’ K.L., Zueva A.A., Makarova M.N. Intranasal introduction to laboratory animals. Laboratornyye zhivotnyye dlya nauchnykh issledovaniy = Laboratory Animals for Science. 2019;(2):9. [In Russian]. doi: 10.29296/2618723X-2019-02-09</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самотруева М.А., Теплый Д.Л., Тюренков И.Н. Экспериментальные модели поведения. Естеств. науки. 2009;27(2):140–152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samotrueva M.A., Teplyy D.L., Tyurenkov I.N. Experimental models of behavior. Yestestvennyye nauki = Natural Sciences. 2009; 27(2):140–152. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Porsolt R.D., Anton G., Blavet N., Jalfre M. Behavioural despair in rats: a new model sensitive to antidepressant treatment. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1978;47(4):379–391. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(78)90118-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Porsolt R.D., Anton G., Blavet N., Jalfre M. Behavioural despair in rats: a new model sensitive to antidepressant treatment. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1978;47(4):379–391. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(78)90118-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Connor D.B., Thayer J.F., Vedhara K. Stress and health: A review of psychobiological processes. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2021;72:663–688. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-062520-122331</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Connor D.B., Thayer J.F., Vedhara K. Stress and health: A review of psychobiological processes. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2021;72:663–688. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-062520-122331</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lupien S.J., Juster R.P., Raymond C., Marin M.F. The effects of chronic stress on the human brain: From neurotoxicity, to vulnerability, to opportunity. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 2018;49:91–105. doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.02.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lupien S.J., Juster R.P., Raymond C., Marin M.F. The effects of chronic stress on the human brain: From neurotoxicity, to vulnerability, to opportunity. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 2018;49:91–105. doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.02.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu S., Wang Z., Li Y., Sun X., Ge F., Yang M., Wang X., Wang N., Wang J., Cui C. CRFR1 in the ventromedial caudate putamen modulates acute stress-enhanced expression of cocaine locomotor sensitization. Neuropharmacology. 2017;121:60–68. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.030</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu S., Wang Z., Li Y., Sun X., Ge F., Yang M., Wang X., Wang N., Wang J., Cui C. CRFR1 in the ventromedial caudate putamen modulates acute stress-enhanced expression of cocaine locomotor sensitization. Neuropharmacology. 2017;121:60–68. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.030</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wisłowska-Stanek A., Lehner M., Skórzewska A., Krząścik P., Płaźnik A. Behavioral effects and CRF expression in brain structures of high-and low-anxiety rats after chronic restraint stress. Behavioural Brain Research. 2016;310:26–35. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wisłowska-Stanek A., Lehner M., Skórzewska A., Krząścik P., Płaźnik A. Behavioral effects and CRF expression in brain structures of high-and lowanxiety rats after chronic restraint stress. Behavioural Brain Research. 2016;310:26–35. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wisłowska-Stanek A., Płaźnik A., Kołosowska K., Skórzewska A., Turzyńska D., Liguz-Lęcznar M., Krząścik P., Gryz M., Szyndler J., Sobolewska A., Lehner M. Differences in the dopaminergic reward system in rats that passively and actively behave in the Porsolt test. Behavioural Brain Research. 2019;359:181–189. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.027</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wisłowska-Stanek A., Płaźnik A., Kołosowska K., Skórzewska A., Turzyńska D., Liguz-Lęcznar M., Krząścik P., Gryz M., Szyndler J., Sobolewska A., Lehner M. Differences in the dopaminergic reward system in rats that passively and actively behave in the Porsolt test. Behavioural Brain Research. 2019;359:181–189. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.027</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Commons K.G., Cholanians A.B., Babb J.A., Ehlinger D.G. The rodent forced ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2017;8(5):955–960. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00042</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Commons K.G., Cholanians A.B., Babb J.A., Ehlinger D.G. The rodent forced swim test measures stress-coping strategy, not depression-like behavior. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2017;8(5):955–960. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00042</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McReynolds J.R., Doncheck E.M., Li Y., Vranjkovic O., Graf E.N., Ogasawara D., Cravatt B.F., Baker D.A., Liu Q.-S., Hillard C.J., Mantsch J.R. Stress promotes drug seeking through glucocorticoid-dependent endocannabinoid mobilization in the prelimbic cortex. Biol. Psychiatry. 2018;84(2):85–94. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.09.024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McReynolds J.R., Doncheck E.M., Li Y., Vranjkovic O., Graf E.N., Ogasawara D., Cravatt B.F., Baker D.A., Liu Q.-S., Hillard C.J., Mantsch J.R. Stress promotes drug seeking through glucocorticoid-dependent endocannabinoid mobilization in the prelimbic cortex. Biol. Psychiatry. 2018;84(2):85–94. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.09.024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lehner M., Gryz M., Wisłowska-Stanek A., Turzyńska D., Sobolewska A., Skórzewska A., Płaźnik A. The amphetamine-associated context exerts a stronger motivational effect in low-anxiety rats than in high-anxiety rats. Behav. Brain Res. 2017;330:97–107. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.05.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lehner M., Gryz M., Wisłowska-Stanek A., Turzyńska D., Sobolewska A., Skórzewska A., Płaźnik A. The amphetamine-associated context exerts a stronger motivational effect in low-anxiety rats than in high-anxiety rats. Behav. Brain Res. 2017;330:97–107. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.05.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Левицкая Н.Г., Каменский А.А. Меланокортиновая система. Успехи физиол. наук. 2009;40(1):44–65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levitskaya N.G., Kamenskii A.A. Melanocortin system. Uspekhi fiziologicheskikh nauk = Advances in Physiological Sciences. 2009;40(1):44–65. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duval E.R., Javanbakht A., Liberzon I. Neural circuits in anxiety and stress disorders: a focused review. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 2015;11:115–126. doi: 10.2147/TCRM.S48528</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duval E.R., Javanbakht A., Liberzon I. Neural circuits in anxiety and stress disorders: a focused review. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 2015;11:115–126. doi: 10.2147/TCRM.S48528</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Додонова С.А., Белых А.Е., Бобынцев И.И. Регуляторные пептиды семейства меланокортинов: биосинтез, рецепция, биологические эффекты. Человек и его здоровье. 2018;(1):99–108. doi: 10.21626/vestnik/2018-1/15</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dodonova S.A., Belykh A.E., Bobyntsev I.I. Regulatory peptides of the melanocortin family: biosynthesis, reception, biological effects. Chelovek i yego zdorov’ye = Man and his Health. 2018;(1):99–108. [In Russian]. doi: 10.21626/vestnik/2018-1/15</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковалёв Г.И., Сухорукова Н.А., Кондрахин Е.А., Васильева Е.В., Салимов Р.М. Субхроническое введение семакса повышает устойчивость внимания у мышей CD-1 через модуляцию D 2-дофаминовых рецепторов префронтальной коры мозга. Эксперим. и клин. фармакол. 2021;84(6):3–10. doi: 10.30906/0869-2092-2021-84-6-3-10</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalev G.I., Sukhorukova N.A., Kondrakhin E.A., Vasil’eva E.V., Salimov R.M. Subchronic administration of Semax increases attention stability in CD-1 mice via modulation of D2-dopamine receptors in the prefrontal cortex. Eksperimental’naya i klinicheskaya farmakologiya = Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. 2021;84(6):3–10. [In Russian]. doi: 10.30906/0869-2092-2021-84-6-3-10</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
